Dogs from the area surrounding the clinic were used in these studies. Enrollment of all the dogs in these studies was performed with the owner’s consent. The study was conducted between July, 2001 and June, 2005. The dogs were suspected of CVL based on clinical symptoms including KRX-0401 purchase cachexia, alopecia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, onychogryphosis, and skin lesions. CVL was confirmed by the presence of parasites in bone marrow, lymph node, or spleen

upon examination of Giemsa-stained smears, or after culture of bone marrow or spleen aspirates in 57 of the 59 dogs; CVL was serologically confirmed in the remaining two dogs using two ELISAs, one with recombinant K39 antigen [27] and one with soluble antigens from a lysate of L. infantum promastigotes [28]. Information on the breed and sex of dogs enrolled in the study are shown in Table S1 (Supplementary Data). Fifty-nine pre-screened dogs were enrolled in the study. The dogs were sequentially allocated to one of the following groups in an open fashion, and treatment was started. There were four cohorts in this study: Group 1 (Vaccine) dogs (n = 18) were given four weekly subcutaneous vaccinations with 20 μg of Leish-111f plus 20 μg of MPL in SE; Group 2 (Glucantime)

dogs (n = 15) were given intravenous PLX4032 supplier injections of 20 mg/kg/day of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®: Sanofi Aventis, Paris, France) daily for 30 days; Group 3 (Vaccine + Glucantime) dogs (n = 13) were given both vaccine and Glucantime injections following the same schedule/dose as for groups 1 and 2, respectively;

and Group 4 (Control) dogs (n = 13) were given no treatment. Leish-111f protein was produced at the Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase Infectious Disease Research Institute (Seattle, WA) as previously described [22], MPL-SE was obtained from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals (Rixensart, Belgium), and Glucantime was provided by the Bahia State health department. The dogs were followed for a mean interval of 36 months. Dogs in groups 1, 2 and 3 were kept in the clinic during the entire treatment period, and then returned to their owners. The dogs received no additional protection or treatment in the clinic or in the care of their owners other than normal clinical care and standard immunizations. To reduce the chance of spreading disease in Monte Gordo, the group 4 Control dogs were donated to the clinic by their owners and kept in kennels outside the sand fly transmission area. Although seven dogs out of 13 in this control group were still alive after 6 months, all of them showed unimproved symptoms of leishmaniasis. Those dogs were withdrawn from the study at that time and started on a course of chemotherapy. Six months after beginning treatment, dogs were classified as either “initial clinical improvement” or “no improvement” based on qualitative improvement of skin lesions and general health status (weight gain and regained strength).