23 To compare the functional capacity of neutrophils in WT and TLR9−/− mice, we depleted neutrophils with a monoclonal antibody (1A8)24 before I/R. WT mice had reduced serum ALT (Fig. 4C) and serum cytokines (Fig. 4D). In contrast, neutrophil depletion in TLR9−/− mice did not affect liver injury. Collectively, these data suggest that neutrophils exacerbate the local and systemic inflammatory response to liver I/R in WT but not TLR9−/− mice. Because neutrophil ROS production mediates liver I/R injury,25 we asked whether it depended on TLR9 signaling. Although neutrophils from WT and TLR9−/− mice had similar oxidative burst after sham procedure both at baseline and after culture with Escherichia coli

(Fig. 5A), neutrophils from WT mice had much greater ROS generation after I/R (Fig. 5B). In particular, TLR9 activation during I/R appeared to prime the neutrophil response to subsequent stimulation selleck chemicals llc with E. coli in vitro (Fig. 5B). To determine whether the magnitude of liver I/R injury depended on TLR9 signaling in neutrophils specifically, we performed adoptive transfer experiments. Congenic WT (CD45.1+) neutrophils were injected Luminespib mouse into TLR9−/− (CD45.2+) recipients just before induction of hepatic ischemia. Analysis of donor and native neutrophils

within the ischemic lobes after I/R revealed that WT neutrophils exhibited greater ROS production than their TLR9−/− counterparts (Fig. 5C). Adoptive transfer of WT neutrophils increased serum ALT after I/R in a dose-dependent manner, whereas injury was considerably less after injection of TLR9−/− neutrophils (Fig. 5D). Interestingly, neutrophil expression of TLR9 in WT mice did not change after 12 hours of I/R (unpublished data). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that neutrophil-TLR9 signaling regulates the inflammatory response during liver I/R. RNA released by dying host cells was recently shown to regulate the inflammatory response to polymicrobial sepsis through

TLR3.26 We addressed the possibility that the limited inflammatory response in TLR9−/− mice during liver I/R was caused by their inability to respond to endogenous DNA released medchemexpress by necrotic hepatocytes. Therefore, we performed a series of in vitro experiments in which WT and TLR9−/− hepatic NPCs were cultured with supernatant from necrotic WT hepatocytes (conditioned media) for 24 hours. In cultures of WT NPCs, the addition of conditioned media significantly increased the levels of IL-6, TNF, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) above baseline (media alone) in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 6A). Pretreatment of conditioned media with DNAse before culture with WT NPCs reduced cytokine production. In contrast, conditioned media failed to induce TLR9−/− NPC cytokine production to levels attained by WT NPCs. Moreover, the presence of DNAse in conditioned media did not alter cytokine production by TLR9−/− NPCs (Fig. 6A).