Mutations in WT1 and NPHS2 genes analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Clinical and pathological reviews were done too. Results: There

was a significant relationship between both primary creatinine and hypertension in the first visit and resistance to therapy. Pthological views of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), glomerular fibrosis, and glomerular sclerosis were significantly related to steroid resistance group (P < 0.001). Genetic analysis for mutations of WT1 and NPHS2 genes among 29 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome showed 2 and 5 different mutations in WT1 and NPHS2 genes, respectively. All of the mutations were seen Atezolizumab in vivo in steroid-resistant group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates

the importance of WT1 and NPHS2 analysis and pathological study in children with nephrotic syndrome. VACHVANICHSANONG PRAYONG, DISSANEEWATE PORNSAK, McNEIL EDWARD Prince of Songkla University Introduction: Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is usually detected when complications such as urinary tract infection (UTI), hydronephrosis, hypertension, proteinuria or chronic kidney disease (CKD) occur. However, to date, little research has been done on the association between VUR and renal Maraviroc damage and the potential impact on a child’s long-term health. Objective: To examine the association between VUR and renal damage in Thai children with VUR and determine its impact on long-term health. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children ≤15 years diagnosed with primary VUR at the Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand between 1987 and 2013. Associations between age, sex, VUR grade, laterality and history of confirmed UTI with renal damage and renal complications were assessed using multiple logistic regression. Results: There were 332 patients identified during the study period; 149 boys and 183 Fludarabine girls. The median (IQR) age at the time of the DMSA scan

was 14.5 (11.0–22.9) months in boys and 30.9 (17.0–63.5) months in girls (p < 0.001). Of the 663 renal units (one patient had a single kidney) 149 had unilateral and 183 bilateral disease. The frequencies of VUR grades I, II, III, IV and V were 67, 121, 137, 140 and 50, respectively. Technetium-99 m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan abnormalities were found in 173/515 (33.6%) VUR kidneys and 6/148 (4.1%) non-VUR kidneys (p < 0.001). DMSA abnormalities were strongly associated with VUR grade (abnormal in 17.8% of VUR grades I-III vs 60.5% of VUR grades IV and V, p < 0.001). Age 1–4 years (OR:1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–2.9), age >5 years (OR:3.0, CI: 1.6–5.5) vs age <1 year, males (OR: 2.8, CI: 1.7–4.5), grade 1–3 (OR: 5.9, CI: 2.3–15.0) and grade 4–5 (OR: 41.2, CI: 16.0–105.0) vs no VUR, and multiple UTI (OR: 2.3, CI: 1.3–3.9) vs single UTI were independent risk factors for renal damage on multivariable analysis.