ELISA antibody pairs were used to detect IL-12p70 levels (R&D Biosystems) and IL-23 levels (R&D Biosystems) in supernatants. PGE2 quantitative ELISA was performed in DC culture supernatants according to the manufacturer’s protocol (R&D Biosystems) and serum PGE2 levels determined using DetectX PGE2 kit validated

for mouse serum (Arbor Assays). RNA was extracted as described previously, reverse transcribed, and amplified using FAM-labeled LY2157299 chemical structure probe and primers on the ABI Prism 7900 detection system 23. Fold increase in signal over that derived from control samples was determined using the ΔΔct calculation. In some cases, the levels of mRNA relative

to housekeeping gene (GAPDH) were calculated. The primer and probes sequences have been published previously 23 or were commercially purchased (ABI Biosystems). Single-cell suspensions were stained with fluorochrome-labeled antibodies specific for CD3 (17A2), CD4 (RM4-5), and Trametinib CD8 (53–6.7). Intracellular staining was performed by using anti-IFN-γ (XMG1.2) on cells stimulated with PMA and ionomycin as per the method described 12. To sort for a purified DLN cell population, stained cells were sorted on BD FACS Aria flow cytometer as CD3+ CD4+ (purity, >94%). For analysis, FlowJo (Tree Star, CA) was used. Differences between the means of groups were analyzed using the two-tailed Tacrolimus (FK506) Student’s t-test in GraphPad Prism 5 (La Jolla, CA). Inherently, logarithmic data from bacterial growth and RT-PCR were transformed for statistical analyses. This work was supported by funds from Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, to S. A. K., Research Advisory Committee Grant from Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University

of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System to Y. L. and S. S., a UICC American Cancer Society Beginning Investigators Fellowship funded by the American Cancer Society to NO. Grants from National Institute of Heath, USA – A1083541, HL105427-01 to S. A. K. and CA132714 to P. K. The authors thank Dr. A. Cooper, Trudeau Institute for providing M. bovis BCG stocks, Dr. N. Ghilardi, Genentech Inc, for providing il23p19−/− mice. il17ra−/− mice were a kind gift from Amgen Inc. The authors thank Dr. J. Kolls, Dr. T. Darville, Dr. S. Gaffen, and Dr. J. Alcorn for critical reading of the manuscript. Conflict of nterest: The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors.