A slight increase ESR is observed in the electrodes with open PPy nanotube structure. The contact between PPy sheath over ZnO

nanorods and the others in the vicinity is minimal at best as the sheath thickness is on the average less than the inter-ZnO nanorod spacing (see PP2 datasheet Figures 2, 3 and 4). After complete dissolution of ZnO, the finite contact resistance between the freestanding PPy nanotube sheaths is responsible for increase in ESR. The effect of charge-discharge current density on the charge-discharge characteristics for each of these electrodes in ZnO nanorod core-PPy sheath PPy nanotube structures is shown in Figure 15B, C, D which follows a similar trend as discussed in the context of Figure 15A. The specific capacitances of these electrodes were calculated at different constant current density and the results are plotted in Figure 16 as a function of discharge current density. In the case of PPy nanotube electrodes, a decrease in the specific capacitance with increasing discharge current is observed. This suggests that the redox process is kinetically dependent on the ionic diffusion at the IACS-10759 PPy nanotube-electrolyte interface

even though the nanotubes have an unabated access to the ions as evident from the increased specific capacitance of the electrode with open PPy nanotube structure over the one having narrow PPy nanotube structure. The nearly constant specific capacitance of the Vasopressin Receptor ZnO nanorod core-PPy sheath electrode with increasing discharge current density is suggestive of faster redox kinetics at the interface. These observations suggest that the redox process in the PPy nanotube electrodes is due to limitation on electron transport rather than the diffusive access of electrolyte dopant ions to the PPy in the nanotube structure. The electron transport is facilitated through ZnO nanorods in close contact with graphite substrates. In the case of PPy nanotubes,

electron transport can only take place through the PPy nanotube along its length. Since anion conjugation (doping) is in response to the electron extraction in spite of unimpeded access to electrolyte anions, the doping process is limited by electron transport. The reduction in the specific capacitance in PPy nanotubes at higher charge current and the increase in specific capacitance of 3-D ZnO nanorod PPy sheath structure electrode with the increase in charging current as observed in Figure 16 are explicable on this basis. Captisol clinical trial Figure 15 Charge-discharge characteristics. (A) ZnO nanorod core PPy sheath electrode and PPy nanotube electrodes after 2-h and 4-h etch measured at a constant current density of 1 mA.cm-2. Charge-discharge characteristics measured at different current densities for (B) ZnO nanorod core-PPy sheath, (C) PPy nanotube 2-h etch, and (D) PPy nanotube 4-h etch.