In addition, studies with positive effects used long-term training periods (up to six months) and mainly hospital-based training, which would provide more social contacts, especially for those exercised in small groups. Although the improvement in quality of life in the exercise group was related to the reduction in anxiety, the causality is unknown. In contrast, Koukouvou and colleagues (2004) found no correlations between the improvements in psychological status and exercise capacity

after exercise training. Their sample size was approximately half of ours, which may contribute to their lack of significant correlations. Whether home-based exercise can improve psychological Crizotinib cost health in chronic heart failure patients

needs to be investigated further. A comprehensive strategy combining exercise therapy, education, social support, stress management, and relaxation may be indicated, especially for those with psychological distress. There were limitations to our study. First, our participants were all clinically stable outpatients with chronic RG7204 heart failure of mild to moderate severity, which limits the generalisability of the results. The heterogeneity of the aetiology of heart failure in the study participants may concern some readers, although many researchers recognise that all people with chronic heart failure have common clinical features regardless of their aetiology. Further studies may be needed to explore the relationship among psychological status, physical function, and quality of life where chronic PD184352 (CI-1040) heart failure is more severe or co-exists with depression. Investigation of other intervention components, such as behaviour therapy, is also needed. Another limitation of the study was that the therapists and participants were not blinded. Finally, the few participants who refused to attend for outcome assessment tended to have high levels of anxiety and depression. (See Table 3, and note that these dropouts account for the apparent

discrepancies in Table 2.) This suggests that participants with clinically elevated levels of anxiety and depression may require additional strategies to improve adherence with clinical research. Psychological measurements were correlated with physical function, level of disability and quality of life in outpatients with mild to moderate chronic heart failure. An eight-week, individualised home-based training program significantly improved physical function and quality of life but not the psychological status in these patients. We acknowledge the co-operation and the help of the staff of Heart Failure Clinics, National Taiwan University Hospital. Ethics: The National Taiwan University Hospital Ethics Committee approved this study. All participants gave written informed consent before data collection began.