In Klebsiella pneumoniae and Azotobacter vinelandii, GlnK is required to regulate the activity of NifL, which inhibits NifA, the nif gene specific activator, under nitrogen-excess conditions [4–6]. In Azospirillum brasilense and Rhodospirillum rubrum GlnB is necessary for the activation of NifA under nitrogen-limiting conditions [7–9], whereas in Rhodobacter capsulatus both PII proteins are necessary

for the NH4 +-dependent regulation of NifA activity [10]. In addition, PII proteins are also involved in the post-translational control of nitrogenase activity in R. rubrum [11] and in A. brasilense through interaction with DraT, DraG and AmtB [12]. Herbaspirillum seropedicae is a nitrogen-fixing see more β-Proteobacterium isolated from the rhizosphere and tissues of several plants, including economically important species [13]. In this organism two PII-like coding genes were identified, glnB

and glnK [14, 15]. The glnB gene is monocistronic and its expression is constitutive [14], whereas glnK is apparently co-transcribed with amtB and orf1, which encode for an ammonium transporter and a membrane associated protein of unknown function, respectively [15]. Recently orf1 was named selleck chemicals llc nlmA (n itrogen l imitation m embrane protein A) since its product was detected in membrane extracts of H. seropedicae grown under nitrogen-limitation conditions [16]. The expression of the nlmAglnKamtB operon is dramatically increased under nitrogen-limiting conditions and is dependent on NtrC [15]. As in other Proteobacteria, both PII proteins from H. seropedicae are targets of covalent modification by GlnD (uridylyl-transferase/uridylyl removing enzyme) in response to the levels of ammonium ions [17]. Results and Discussion To analyze the role of GlnK and GlnB in the control of AZD1480 in vivo nitrogen fixation in H. seropedicae, glnB (LNglnB) and glnK (LNglnK) insertional mutants and a glnK in-frame deletion mutant strain (LNglnKdel) were constructed and their phenotypes Vasopressin Receptor analyzed under different

physiological conditions. These mutant strains were able to grow using nitrate as sole nitrogen source (data not shown). The effect of glnB and glnK disruption on the NtrC-dependent expression of the nlmAglnKamtB operon [15] was determined using chromosomal amtB :: lacZ transcriptional fusions of strains LNamtBlacZ, LNglnBamtBlacZ and LNglnKamtBlacZ. These strains were grown under N-limiting (5 mmol/L glutamate or 2 mmol/L NH4Cl) or N-excess (20 mmol/L NH4Cl) conditions and assayed for β-galactosidase. The LNamtBlacZ strain grown under N-limiting conditions showed β-galactosidase activity 21 times higher than in high ammonium (Table 1), confirming that nlmAglnKamtB is highly expressed under N-limiting conditions [15]. Strains LNglnKamtBlacZ and LNglnBamtBlacZ revealed a similar pattern of amtB expression, indicating that the mutation of either glnK or glnB does not affect nlmAglnKamtB expression.