CrossRefPubMed 51. Kuboniwa M, Amano A, Kimura KR, Sekine S, Kato S, Yamamoto Y, Okahashi N, Iida T, Shizukuishi S: Quantitative detection of periodontal pathogens using real-time polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004, 19:168–176.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ contributions MK carried out the microscope observation, image analysis and autoaggregation assay, as well as prepared the initial draft of the manuscript. AA conceived of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. EH and YY carried out the sonic disruption assay. HI performed Ruxolitinib solubility dmso the statistical analysis. KN and NH provided P. gingivalis knockout mutants used

in this study. GDT developed the exopolysaccharide assay for P. gingivlais. RJL participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. SS participated in the design of the study and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Bacteria possess the ability to adhere to surfaces and grow within

an extracellular matrix of their own synthesis. Although these bacterial aggregates, or biofilms, were first identified in natural aquatic environments [1], their JNK-IN-8 ic50 importance in infectious disease is attracting much attention [2–4]. For pathogens, life in a biofilm offers protection from mucociliary clearance, phagocytosis, and from Pictilisib in vivo antibiotic attack [3, 5, 6], thereby playing a participatory role in persistent infections [2]. Bacteria are thought to organize into communities that produce and populate the biofilm, controlling its morphology by varying growth and gene expression, and by interacting with neighboring cells. Random environmental pressures also participate in shaping these specialized structures [7]. Chemotaxis and bacterially induced small-scale water currents [8, 9] have been used to explain large (0.3–0.5 mm in diameter) periodic Idoxuridine bacterial patterns on mucus veils suspended over sulfidic

marine sediments [10]. Surface-bound biofilms have been observed to develop into microscopic structures, such as the pillars and mushroom-shaped cell clusters produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa [11]. Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 produced biofilms that were comprised of extensive, extracellular non-periodic webs of fine (< 20 nm wide) cellulose fibers [12]. Freeze-dried colonies of Erwinia amylovora were found to contain cross-linked stalactites of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) with an approximate spacing of 10 μm [13], and biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes strains consisted of complex, regular structures with an approximate spacing of 50 μm [14]. The organism studied in the present report is a Pseudomonas fluorescens soil isolate from an environment heavily contaminated by tar seeps. P. fluorescens is a ubiquitous, Gram-negative, motile, biofilm-forming bacterium commonly-encountered in soil and water habitats.