Yet, single-unit recordings in animals suggest much faster novelty-specific responses in the auditory system. To investigate change detection in a corresponding early time range in humans, we measured the Middle

Latency Response (MLR) and MMN during a controlled frequency oddball paradigm. In addition to MMN, an early effect of change detection was observed at about 40 ms after change onset reflected in an enhancement of the Nb component of the MLR. Both Ispinesib molecular weight MMN and the Nb effect were shown to be free from confounding influences such as differences in refractoriness. This finding implies that early change detection processes exist in humans upstream of MMN generation, which supports the emerging view of a hierarchical organization of change detection expanding along multiple levels of the auditory pathway.”
“The postauricular reflex is a relatively new psychophysiological measure of appetitive emotional processing during picture viewing. However, the degree to which other auricular (i.e., Nocodazole superior and anterior auricular) muscles might exhibit reflexive activity congruent with that found in the postauricular muscle has not been investigated, nor has the robustness of postauricular reflex modulation across stimulus modality. In this study, postauricular reflexes were the only reflexes that showed consistent emotional modulation across ears and genders. Additionally, postauricular reflexes were significantly

modulated for both emotional pictures and sounds; in both cases, postauricular reflexes were greatest during pleasant stimuli.”
“Precise determination of a noisy biological oscillator’s period from limited experimental data can be challenging. The common practice is to calculate a single number (a point estimate) for the period of Iodothyronine deiodinase a particular time course. Uncertainty is inherent in any statistical estimator applied to noisy data, so our confidence in such point estimates depends on the quality and quantity of the data.

Ideally, a period estimation method should both produce an accurate point estimate of the period and measure the uncertainty in that point estimate. A variety of period estimation methods are known, but few assess the uncertainty of the estimates, and a measure of uncertainty is rarely reported in the experimental literature. We compare the accuracy of point estimates using six common methods, only one of which can also produce uncertainty measures. We then illustrate the advantages of a new Bayesian method for estimating period, which outperforms the other six methods in accuracy of point estimates for simulated data and also provides a measure of uncertainty. We apply this method to analyze circadian oscillations of gene expression in individual mouse fibroblast cells and compute the number of cells and sampling duration required to reduce the uncertainty in period estimates to a desired level.