To determine if the pathway uses GABA as its transmitter, we used immunocytochemistry (ICC) to study glutamic acid decarboxlyase(67) (GAD(67)) colocalization with fluoro-gold (FG) in the ventral BST and MPN after applying FG to the RRF. To determine if the pathway is activated with mating, we studied FG-Fos colocalization in the ventral BST of recently mated males. The ventral BST expresses Fos with mating and is the major pathway source. To determine to what

extent other GABAergic cells in the ventral BST are activated with mating, we studied Fos colocalization with GAD(67) mRNA visualized by in situ hybridization (ISH). We also looked for GAD(67) mRNA in RRF cells. Almost all ventral BST and MPNm BMS-777607 solubility dmso cells projecting to the RRF (95-97%) and most ventral BST cells activated with mating (89%), were GABAergic. GABAergic cells were also seen in the RRF. RRF-projecting cells represented 37% of ventral BST cells activated with mating. Their activation may reflect arousal and anticipation of sexual reward. Among ventral BST cells that project to the RRF, 14% were activated with mating, consistent with how much of this pathway is needed for mating. The activated GABAergic cells that do not project to the RRF may release GABA locally and inhibit ejaculation. (C) 2011 IBRO.

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“Purpose: We assessed the value of [C-11]choline positron emission tomography/computerized find more tomography in patients with prostate cancer in whom biochemical failure developed after radical prostatectomy but who showed no disease evidence on conventional imaging.

Materials and Methods: Considered for this study were 2,124 patients treated with radical prostatectomy who underwent [C-11]choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography to restage disease between December 2004 and January 2007. Study inclusion criteria were 1)

previous radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection, 2) increasing prostate specific antigen beyond 0.2 ng/ml after radical prostatectomy, 3) no lymph node disease at radical prostatectomy, 4) no evidence of metastatic disease on conventional imaging, 5) no androgen deprivation therapy and 6) no adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy. These criteria were satisfied in 109 of the 2,124 patients (5%).

Results: Median prostate specific antigen at imaging was 0.81 ng/ml (range 0.22 to 16.76 ml). Imaging suggested local recurrence in 4 patients (4%) and pelvic lymph node disease in 8 (7%). Scans were positive in 5%, 15% and 28% of patients with prostate specific antigen less than 1, between 1 and 2, and greater than 2 ng/ml, respectively (p <0.05). Prostate specific antigen was the only significant predictor of tomography results (p <0.05).