Our data showed that in mice Vi-CRM197 elicited: (i) significant increase of Vi-specific serum IgG; (ii) an increase of IgG/IgM ratio after boosting; (iii) Screening Library order a prevalence of IgG1 in serum; (iv) Vi-specific IgG antibodies in intestinal washes; and (v) lymphoproliferative responses in both spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes and IFN-γ production by lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes after restimulation with Vi-CRM197. This work documents that the glycoconjugate Vi-CRM197 generates a stronger and qualitatively different serum antibody response compared to the unconjugated Vi and demonstrates that vaccine-specific antibody

and cellular immune responses are present also in the intestinal tract. These data further support the suitability of Vi-CRM197 as promising candidate vaccine against S. Typhi. This work was conducted with the support of the Sclavo Vaccines Association with grants received from Regione Toscana and Fondazione Monte Dei Paschi di Siena. The authors thank Drs J. Donnelly, G. Del Giudice and A. Saul for their comments and suggestions on the manuscript. “
“Several viral species of the Ebolavirus genus and Marburgvirus genus, Family Filoviridae, cause severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates [1]. The search for a multivalent filovirus vaccine that confers protection from the Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus species of public

health concern continues as no candidate is approaching licensure [2] and [3]. The high case fatality rate, public health threat selleck kinase inhibitor in Africa, and biodefense concerns associated with these viruses Metalloexopeptidase drive vaccine development. Several vaccination strategies have been developed over the past decade that confer protection in animal models but issues of safety, preexisting vector immunity, manufacturing, or a lack of commercial interest have slowed progress [2], [4], [5], [6] and [7]. Recent studies and literature reviews have attempted to determine correlates of protection for filovirus vaccines and to define the ability of humoral

or cellular immunity to ameliorate disease [8], [9], [10], [11] and [12]. Not surprisingly, it appears that both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune response can contribute to protection. We have recently developed (a) replication-competent, (b) replication-deficient, and (c) chemically inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccines expressing EBOV (Zaire) glycoprotein (GP) [13]. The recombinant RABV vaccine vector (RVA) is derived from the SAD B19 strain which is used for wildlife vaccination in Europe and has previously been used as a safe and efficacious platform to generate vaccine candidates against several pathogens [14], [15], [16], [17] and [18]. Two live vaccine candidates, RV-GP and RVΔG-GP, which has a deletion removing the entire RABV glycoprotein (G) gene, were found to be avirulent upon peripheral administration in mice.