The experiments were performed in triplicate in at least three independent experiments on different days. Page 10, 2nd paragraph In some studies of E. faecalis responses to alkaline stress, the pH was modified using NaOH or buffer solutions made by mixing with solutions such as NaHCO3, KH2PO3 and K2CO3.13,23 In our study, the culture of bacteria were maintained in alkaline media for 24-h or 48-h, but the pH value declined markedly after 24-h using NaOH in preliminary experiments. As for buffer solutions, phosphate may interfere with the accuracy of the measurement of ATPase activity and it is difficult to accord

the osmolarity, which is another stress factor,6 between groups. Therefore, we adjusted the pH of the media with maleic acid and the same amount of K2CO3 to exclude other interfering factors. “
“Candida species are commensal yeasts in www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-673451.html healthy humans and may cause systemic infection under immunocompromised situations due to its high adaptability to different host miches. It was suggested that when C. albicans accessed the periodontal tissues, they may be harmed by the production of metabolites by these yeasts. 1 The periodontal disease is a

chronic infection that affects the gingiva and bone that supports the teeth. This chronic inflammatory disease results from the response to microrganisms in dental biofilm and may remain confined to the gingival tissues with minimal FG-4592 purchase tissue alterations; alternatively, this disease may progress to extreme periodontal destruction with the loss of attachment and alveolar bone. In addition Pyruvate dehydrogenase to the presence of periodontal pathogens; such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia; genetic and environmental factors seem to increase the susceptibility of some individuals in developing this severe inflammatory disease. 2 Therefore, there is

general support for this concept of periodontal disease. It is also well recognized that the presence of just pathogenic bacteria is insufficient to cause periodontitis. Progression of this disease occurs due to a combination of factors, including the presence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), low levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor (TGF-β) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). 3 and 4 However most microorganisms found in subgingival biofilm is commensal, or also occurs in individuals with a healthy periodontium that is in equilibrium with the host. Thus, episodes of disease resulting from deficiencies in the ability of the host defence to fight the bacterial biofilm, changes the quantitative or qualitative subgingival microbiota. 5 and 6 Periodontal diseases are classified as either gingivitis or periodontitis.