04% aspartame with 2% maltodextrin and 5% sucrose (CA); water (W); or 0.04% aspartame with 2% maltodextrin (A). *Indicates

C significantly different from W and A (p < 0.05). ^Indicates and CA significantly different from W and A (p < 0.05). Conclusions The novel finding of this study was that despite a normal insulin response during the ingestion period (at rest), the combination of aspartame and carbohydrate (CA) led to significantly lower serum insulin levels during exercise than when compared to carbohydrate alone (C) (Figure 2). This decline during exercise, however, did not appear to influence blood glucose responses, as they were not different between the CA or C conditions (Table 1). This suggests that the reduction in insulin levels associated with PI3K inhibitor aspartame ingestion selleck kinase inhibitor observed in the current study may only be seen at a threshold of carbohydrate intake. Although the results of the current study do not provide evidence for an underlying mechanism

responsible for the variation in the exercise-induced insulin response, the disparity between insulin levels warrant further investigation with a larger cohort of clinically relevant subject populations (e.g. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/SP600125.html metabolic syndrome, diabetes, etc.). Additionally, we believe that these results may also need to be considered when designing nutrition-based, exercise intervention studies. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all of the participants who volunteered in the study and to SA for providing

financial support for the study. References 1. Ferland A, Brassard P, Poirier P: Is aspartame really safer in reducing the risk of hypoglycemia during exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Care PRKD3 2007,30(7):e59.PubMedCrossRef 2. Wallberg-Henriksson H, Rincon J, Zierath JR: Exercise in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Sports Med 1998,25(1):25–35.PubMedCrossRef 3. Burstein R, Epstein Y, Shapiro Y, Charuzi I, Karnielli E: Effect of an acute bout of exercise on glucose disposal in human obesity. J Appl Physiol 1990,69(1):299–304.PubMed 4. Kjaer M, Hollenbeck CB, Frey-Hewitt B, Galbo H, Haskell W, Reaven GM: Glucoregulation and hormonal responses to maximal exercise in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. J Appl Physiol 1990,68(5):2067–74.PubMed 5. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription 7th edition. Baltimore; 2006. 6. Borg E: Perceived exertion: a note on “history” and methods. Med Sci Sports 1973,5(2):90–3.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Author’s contributions JS was the principle investigator of the study. JS, RV, SA and DM conceived the study and participated in its design. RV and JS were responsible for the biochemical measurement and analysis. KH, JB, DP and CT aided with data collection and analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.