06-0.24 mM). Supplemental ferric

citrate clearly abolished, although not completely, the effect of DFO at concentrations of 0.125 and 0.25 μg mL−1. The antibacterial effects of ampicillin and tetracycline were not influenced by DFO (data not shown). It has been found that, for Yersinia and Klebsiella, DFO stimulates the growth and enhances the virulence while for other organisms DFO suppresses the growth and attenuates the course of experimental infection (Boelaert et al., 1993). In a previous study (Barua et al., 1990), 2,2′-dipyridyl, a ferrous iron chelator, which has several toxicological effects, showed greater effectiveness selleck screening library than DFO for suppression of P. gingivalis growth in vitro. In the study, it was proposed that Bioactive Compound Library cost the available iron in the anaerobic conditions is in the ferrous state and DFO binds ferrous iron ineffectively, and hence iron deprivation with DFO may not be effective for P. gingivalis. In the present study, although DFO was not bactericidal, it considerably prolonged the doubling time of P. gingivalis cells and the inhibitory effect was reduced by supplemental iron. This indicates that the

iron/hemin-chelating action of DFO plays a very important role in the growth suppression of P. gingivalis under anaerobic conditions. It is interesting to note that the growth inhibition by DFO was more evident with bacterial cells at small inoculum density and with cells at earlier stages of growth. This may indicate that availability of iron/hemin to the cells is important especially during the early stage of the bacterial growth and DFO is associated with inoculum effect, i.e. a significant

decrease in antibacterial effect when the number of organisms inoculated is increased (Brook, 1989). In this respect, the discrepancy between the effect of DFO on the growth of P. gingivalis presented here and that presented by Barua et al. (1990) may be due to different growth stage and inoculum size. Although several antibiotics including β-lactam antibiotics and the first- and second-generation cephalosporins exhibit an in vitro inoculum Palmatine effect, they are still capable of eradicating infections when administered appropriately (Brook, 1989). DFO is effective in tissue protection and anti-inflammation (Lauzon et al., 2006; Hanson et al., 2009). Moreover, DFO has antibacterial activity per se against P. gingivalis and enhances the antibacterial activities of other antibiotic agents against P. gingivalis (Figs 3, 4). Hence, although further studies are needed to elucidate the in vivo efficacy of DFO as well as other iron chelators, the in vitro inoculum effect observed with DFO against P. gingivalis may not limit the potential use of iron chelators for the treatment of periodontal disease. UV-visible spectral analysis has been used in the study of hemin utilization mechanism exerted by P. gingivalis. In vitro incubation of oxyHb with P.