08% of bovine serum albumin with synthetic competence-stimulating pheromone (250 ng mL−1) at 37 °C for 10 min to induce competence (Moscoso & Claverys, 2004) followed

by incubation at 30 °C during DNA uptake. Streptococcus pneumoniae clones obtained upon transformation with derivatives of pLSE4 were scored on CY agar plates containing lincomycin (0.6 μg mL−1) and catalase (250 units mL−1). Crude sonicated extracts were obtained as previously described from mid-exponentially growing cultures for S. pneumoniae M31 derivatives (Ronda et al., 1987). Assays of cell wall lytic (N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase; NAM-amidase) activity were performed according to standard procedures described elsewhere using [methyl-3H]choline-labeled

pneumococcal cell walls as substrate (Höltje & Tomasz, 1976). One unit of NAM-amidase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme Selleckchem GW572016 needed to catalyze the hydrolysis (solubilization) of 1 μg of cell wall material in 10 min at 37 °C. Total RNA was extracted from S. pneumoniae cultures in CY medium using the RNeasy mini Kit (QIAGEN). Cells were harvested throughout the growth curve at 37 °C (A 550 nm of 0.12, 0.33, 0.67, and 0.66 that corresponds respectively to early, medium logarithmic, late logarithmic, and stationary growth phase) and stored in ice. Pellets were resuspended in 0.9% NaCl solution Palbociclib research buy and stored at −80 °C. The concentration and the purity were estimated using an ND1000 Spectrophotometer (Nanodrop Technologies). Primers used for qRT-PCR are listed in Table 1. cDNA was synthesized using SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. To ensure that the amplification observed in the PCRs was attributable to the cDNA template made from mRNA and not from contaminating genomic DNA, controls were carried out for each sample Montelukast Sodium under the same conditions, except that transcriptase was not added to the reactions. Semi-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR)

experiments were performed using SYBR Green technology in an ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems). Each experiment was carried out in triplicate, so each relative gene expression reported for each point of the curve represents the average of three independent biologic replicates. Changes in sample gene expression were measured based on an external standard used as a calibrator (Wong & Medrano, 2005). Dunnet’s test was used to determine whether the expression values of a given point were significantly different from other points of the curve. Sequences of S. pneumoniae genomes were retrieved from the NIH GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome?term=streptococcus%20pneumoniae). Multiple-sequence alignments were performed using the ClustalW2 program (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalw2/). The analysis of the 23 S.