, 1998 and Tofaris et al., 2002) but also many others not previously reported in injured nerves—such as IL11, Scye1 and Cxcl10 (Table 1). Interestingly, a number Selleckchem PFT�� of other factors likely to be important in the regenerative response, such as MEGF10—an engulfment receptor implicated in the phagocytosis of myelin debris (MacDonald et al., 2006), neuronal growth factors such as GDNF, and blood vessel growth factors (VEGFA and C) were also strongly upregulated. Importantly, the upregulation of many, but not all, of these genes in vivo was confirmed by

qRT-PCR analysis (Figure 6B). Moreover, analysis of CM from NSRafER cells using a rat cytokine antibody array showed that the cytokines on the array, which were upregulated in the microarray analysis (MCP-1, VEGF, and TIMP-1), were also found at increased levels in the CM, confirming that the increase in mRNA is accompanied by a corresponding increase in cytokine production (Figure S6B). The majority of the cytokines on the antibody array, however, were not upregulated in the microarray analysis and we could not detect increased levels of these cytokines in the CM indicating a specificity of the response. The one exception was PDGF-AA, which was not upregulated in the microarray analysis but was found at slightly higher levels in the CM and

in vivo. It will be of great interest to explore the role of these candidates in the regenerative process. The PNS is a privileged environment maintained by the BNB. Breakdown of the BNB is thought to be required for the robust inflammatory response selleck screening library that occurs following nerve injury (Weerasuriya, 1988). To test the effects of activation of the ERK signaling pathway in Schwann cells on the BNB, we injected WT or P0-RafTR below mice with Evans blue, a tracer that passes from blood vessels into the endoneurium and perineurium following breakdown of the BNB. In WT animals, the dye was restricted from the inner spaces of the sciatic nerve (Figure 6C). In contrast, in P0-RafTR animals, breakdown of the BNB

was observed as early as day 4, with complete breakdown by day 5, coincident with the increased numbers of inflammatory cells found within the nerve (Figure 5 and Figure 6C). These results indicate that breakdown of the BNB can be triggered by Raf-activated signals from Schwann cells independent of trauma. These findings show that that the activation of the ERK-signaling pathway in myelinating Schwann cells is sufficient to drive both demyelination and the inflammatory response with important implications for pathologies such as inflammatory neuropathies. To test the requirement of this pathway following injury, we used the highly-selective MEK1/2 inhibitor PD0325901 (Solit et al., 2006) to block the increase in ERK signaling seen in Schwann cells following nerve injury compared to the vehicle-treated controls.