2 mM Se(IV) and 0.2 mM NADPH, respectively. Transposon mutagenesis and screening of mutants defective for Se(IV) resistance and reduction E. coli strain PI3K inhibitor S17-1(pRL27-Cm) was used as the donor strain for transposon Tn5, and C. testosteroni S44 was used as the recipient. Plasmid pRL27-Cm was transferred into the recipients C. testosteroni

S44 by conjugation from E. coli strain S17-1 carrying Tn5 according to the method of Larsen [52]. Selection was carried out on LB agar plates containing 50 μg ml-1 chloramphenicol (Cm) and 50 μg ml-1 rifampin (Rif). To obtain the sensitive strains for Se(IV) the colonies of mutants from the mating plates were inoculated onto LB agar plates with 50 μg ml-1 Cm, 50 μg ml-1 Rif, 50 mM Se(IV) using sterile toothpicks, incubated at 28°C for 1–2 days to allow the colonies to reduce Se(IV) and develop the red colored SeNPs indicative of elemental selenium. The wild type C. testosteroni S44 was used as control. Se(IV) sensitive strains were screened for slow growth, death or less red in

the medium containing 1 mM and 50 mM Se(IV). Then sensitive mutants were restreaked on LB medium with 1 mM and 50 mM Se(IV), respectively to further confirm the phenotype of Se(IV) reduction and resistance. Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study were shown as Table 1. Table 1 Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or plasmid Relevant Levetiracetam properties or derivation Source or reference C. testosteroni S44 Wild type, Rifr, Cms, Tets [26] iscR-280, iscR-327, iscR-513 iscR Tn5 insertional mutants This GS-9973 study Rifr, Cmr, Tets iscS + 30 Tn5 insertional mutant downstream of iscR, Rifr,

Cmr, Tets This study E. coli S17-1(λpir) Tpr Smr recA thi pro hsdR − hsdM + . RP4:2Tc:Mu:Km T7, λpir Lab collection Plasmids     pRL27-Cm Transposon vector , oriR6K , Cmr [52] pCPP30 Broad host range, tetA Timothy R. McDermott, Montana State University Inverse PCR, DNA sequencing and analysis The chromosomal DNA adjacent to the sites of Tn5 insertion was determined in individual mutants by inverse PCR using primers pRLSR (5′-AACAAGCCAGGGATGTAACG-3′) and pRLSF (5′- CAGCAACACCTTCTTCACGA -3′) which were designed outwardly within the transposon. The DNA of each mutant was extracted using phenol-chloroform and then digested with BglII (Fermentas) which does not cut within the transposon. Subsequently, the digested DNA was self-ligated in a 30 μl reaction with 6U of T4 DNA ligase (Promega) and transferred into E. coli strain S17-1(λpir), where circularized DNA containing flanking fragments of the site of Tn5 insertion and transposon replicate as a plasmids. Transposon junction plasmids were learn more isolated from selected transformants and subjected to inverse PCR using primers pRLSR and pRLSF which anneal to the oriR6K and Cmr ends of the transposon, respectively.