, 2009), reflecting the hair cell production during regeneration

, 2009), reflecting the hair cell production during regeneration. The expression of Atoh1 in support cells occurs rapidly after hair cell damage in the BP, near the time when these cells enter the mitotic cell cycle. Studies in zebrafish lateral line have shown that Notch pathway components are also upregulated very soon after hair cell damage in this system (Ma et al., 2008) and that blocking the Notch pathway using a gamma-secretase inhibitor leads to an excess of find more regenerated hair cells. Similar results were obtained in chick BP (Daudet

et al., 2009). These studies indicate that the mechanisms of lateral inhibition function during regeneration much like they would during normal development; however, there are two additional

interesting findings. First, in the chick, Atoh1 is upregulated in support cells of the chick basilar papilla very soon after damage, possibly before the cells enter the cell cycle. Second, the experimental inhibition of Notch in the undamaged basilar papilla or lateral line does not activate Atoh1 expression in the support cells and does not induce transdifferentiation of support cells to hair cells. These results indicate that it is only after damage, when the Notch pathway is upregulated in the BP, that Notch-mediated lateral inhibition is important for defining the fates ON-01910 price of the hair and support cells. Notch does not appear to be necessary for the maintenance of these fates in the undamaged epithelium. Since the loss of hair cells induces the rapid upregulation of Atoh1 in the support cells, it also suggests that a different type of signal produced by the hair cells normally inhibits the expression of the proneural Atoh1 transcription factor in the neighboring support cells. Although cell proliferation and transdifferentiation are virtually absent in the normal mature

inner ear epithelia of mammals, these processes can occur in neonatal mammals. Dissociation of the support cells from the cochlea and vestibular TCL epithelia from neonatal mice allows them to proliferate in vitro and turn on markers of hair cells, Myosin VIIa and Atoh1 (Diensthuber et al., 2009, Martinez-Monedero et al., 2007, Oshima et al., 2009 and White et al., 2006). However, this proliferative ability is limited to the first 2 weeks of postnatal development in the cochlea of mice, though the vestibular organs may harbor these putative stem cells into adulthood. In addition to these examples of proliferation, the decline in potential for transdifferentiation with maturation has also been examined in the cochlea. The Notch pathway remains active for a brief period of postnatal development (Hartman et al., 2009); however, after postnatal day 3 in the mouse, inhibition of this pathway no longer leads to Deiters’ cell transdifferentiation (Hayashi et al., 2008a and Yamamoto et al., 2006).

All authors have none to declare The authors are thankful to Bio

All authors have none to declare. The authors are thankful to Bioplus, Banglore for providing check details Moxifloxacin gift sample, and Management of Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Mangalgiri for their constant support and encouragement. “
“Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen and sulphur have considerably a lot of attention due to wide

application of pharmacological activity. Pyrimidine and their derivatives play the vital role in the field of drugs and agricultural chemicals. Pyrimidine could be a basic nucleus in DNA & RNA; it is associated with various biological activities.1 The synthesis of substituted Pyrimidine and lot of review has reported.2 and 3 Pyrimidine” and their derivatives are popular in inorganic synthetic

chemistry. selleck chemical Pyrimidine does not exist in nature however with in the form of its different derivatives, and are widely distributed. Pyrimidine derivatives are of interest due to their pharmacological properties such as antitumor,4, 5, 6 and 7 antiviral,8 antifungal, anticancer,9 antibcteria,10 antiinflammator,11, 12, 13 and 14 analgesic,15 antagonist,16 and 17 antifolate,18 antimicrobial,19 anti-HIV,20 atiproliferative,21 antiplatelet,22 antithrombotic,22 antifilarial23 activities, etc. Moreover benzothiazole24, 25 and 26 is alternative vital pharmacodynamic heterocyclic nuclei that once incorporated in several heterocyclic templates have currently been possess wide spectrum of activities. The literature study reveals that both Pyrimidine and benzothiazole not are a significant pharmacophore and exhibits outstanding biological activities. Encourage by these observation, we synthesized a new series of Pyrimidine derivatives by incorporating the benzothiazole moiety with the hope of obtaining better antimicrobial activity agent. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antimicrobial activities. Laboratory chemicals were provided by Rankem India Ltd. and Ficher Scientific Ltd. Melting points were determined by the open tube capillary method and are not correct. The purity of the compounds was determined by thin layer chromatography

(TLC) plates (silica gel G) in the solvent system toluene:ethyl acetate (7.5:2.5). The spots were observed by exposure to iodine Vapours or by UV light. The IR spectra were received by Perkin–Elmer 1720 FT-IR spectrometer (KBr pellets). The H NMR &13 C NMR spectra were obtained by Bruker Advance II 400 spectrometer using TMS because the internal standard in CDCl3. Elemental analysis of the new synthesized compounds were obtained by Carlo Erba 1108 analyzer. The synthesis of the compounds as per the following Scheme 1 given below. The solution of 3-phenoxy benzaldehyde (0.01 mol.) and 4-methoxyacetophenone (0.01 mol.) in ethyl alcohol (25 ml) Cooled at 5–10 °C and was mixed with aqueous sodium _hydroxide (70%, 5 ml) drop wise with continuous stirring. The reaction mixture was again stirred for 2 h.

The authors gratefully acknowledge Lenaig Halos and Frederic Beug

The authors gratefully acknowledge Lenaig Halos and Frederic Beugnet, Veterinary Parasitologists, for the scientific editing of the manuscript. “
“Tick control is an important concern for public health officials, pet owners, and veterinarians

(Dantas-Torres et al., 2012 and Otranto and Wall, 2008). Indeed, tick infestations can be a nuisance, and heavy tick infestation can lead to anemia, particularly in young or small dogs. Dermacentor variabilis, generally known as ‘American dog tick’, is one of the most common tick species affecting dogs in the USA ( Dryden and Payne, Apoptosis inhibitor 2004 and Goldberg et al., 2002). D. variabilis is widely distributed across the central and eastern United States, and also occurs along the Pacific coast, and it is an important vector of several infectious agents, including those that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and ehrlichiosis in both dogs and humans ( Chomel, 2011, Dantas-Torres et al., 2012, Dryden and Payne, 2004 and Steiert learn more and Gilfoy, 2002). D. variabilis is also commonly implicated as a cause of tick paralysis ( Vedanarayanan et al., 2004). Currently, tick control for dogs is only available in formulations

that are topically applied (Sprays, powders, shampoos, spot ons) or in collars ( Beugnet and Franc, 2012). Afoxolaner is a novel insecticide–acaracide that is administered orally in a chewable formulation (Nexgard®, Merial). Afoxolaner is a member of the science isoxazoline class and works by inhibiting insect GABA and Glutamate-gated chloride channels ( Shoop et al., 2014), thereby leading to prolonged hyper-excitation and death of both insects and

acarines. This paper describes two studies that were performed to demonstrate the efficacy of afoxolaner against D. variabilis ticks. Two similar studies were conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of afoxolaner against D. variabilis. Both studies were performed in the USA and were designed in accordance with standard methods for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of tick infestations ( Marchiondo et al., 2013). The studies were approved by the Merial Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Dogs were managed consitent with the US Animal Welfare Regulations ( USDA, 2008). The studies involved 32 purpose bred beagles (16 per study) which were individually identified by unique ear tattoos. Study 1 included 6 male and 10 female dogs aged 6–8 months and weighing 5.7–9.1 kg. Study 2 included 10 male and 6 female dogs aged 7–10 months and weighing 5.9–9.6 kg (Table 1). Studies followed a controlled, randomized design. Dogs were in good health and had not been treated with ectoparasiticides for at least 3 months prior to treatment. Tick infestations and subsequent counts were performed prior to treatment, and confirmed that dogs were capable of maintaining adequate infestations. Dogs were housed individually.

The use of prevention of colonization as a biologically functiona

The use of prevention of colonization as a biologically functional endpoint makes clinical field assessments (phase

III or IV) smaller, less costly, faster and technically feasible in a wide variety of locations. Therefore it can be used to assess not only new vaccine formulations but also address vaccine dosage and schedules relevant to check details the local vaccination programs. We also argue that it is a critical method for documenting PCV impact at the individual and community level following introduction into the routine immunization programs of countries; although it is not a disease endpoint in itself, where IPD surveillance is limited or not possible, colonization impact reveals the biologic impact of the vaccine on the organism and by bridging to other data where both IPD and colonization have been assessed, will allow for inferences about disease impact. Therefore, the learn more specific PneumoCarr project goals were to (1) develop the use of vaccine efficacy against pneumococcal nasopharyngeal

colonization (VE-colonization) as part of the regulatory licensure process, and (2) determine recommendations for how to optimally use NP colonization evaluations to inform the impact of PCV vaccines for public health purposes. The project objectives to meet these goals were to (1) develop the scientific basis and analytic why tools for pneumococcal colonization studies as a supportive strategy for licensure, and (2) develop and support the technical community understanding and acceptance of pneumococcal colonization as an approach to licensure of novel pneumococcal vaccines. These two objectives address the key obstacles

to use of VE-colonization as a strategy for the development, licensure and implementation of new pneumococcal vaccine products. An international consultation “Workshop to explore the role of carriage studies in the evaluation and licensing of new pneumococcal vaccines”, co-sponsored by WHO and PneumoCarr, was convened at WHO in Geneva, Switzerland, in March 2012 to provide vaccine manufacturers and regulators the opportunity to understand and comment on the “Case for Carriage, C4C” document, a PneumoCarr white paper that presents the justification for the inclusion of VE-col in pneumococcal vaccine licensure pathway.

Our data showed that in mice Vi-CRM197 elicited: (i) significant

Our data showed that in mice Vi-CRM197 elicited: (i) significant increase of Vi-specific serum IgG; (ii) an increase of IgG/IgM ratio after boosting; (iii) Screening Library order a prevalence of IgG1 in serum; (iv) Vi-specific IgG antibodies in intestinal washes; and (v) lymphoproliferative responses in both spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes and IFN-γ production by lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes after restimulation with Vi-CRM197. This work documents that the glycoconjugate Vi-CRM197 generates a stronger and qualitatively different serum antibody response compared to the unconjugated Vi and demonstrates that vaccine-specific antibody

and cellular immune responses are present also in the intestinal tract. These data further support the suitability of Vi-CRM197 as promising candidate vaccine against S. Typhi. This work was conducted with the support of the Sclavo Vaccines Association with grants received from Regione Toscana and Fondazione Monte Dei Paschi di Siena. The authors thank Drs J. Donnelly, G. Del Giudice and A. Saul for their comments and suggestions on the manuscript. “
“Several viral species of the Ebolavirus genus and Marburgvirus genus, Family Filoviridae, cause severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates [1]. The search for a multivalent filovirus vaccine that confers protection from the Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus species of public

health concern continues as no candidate is approaching licensure [2] and [3]. The high case fatality rate, public health threat selleck kinase inhibitor in Africa, and biodefense concerns associated with these viruses Metalloexopeptidase drive vaccine development. Several vaccination strategies have been developed over the past decade that confer protection in animal models but issues of safety, preexisting vector immunity, manufacturing, or a lack of commercial interest have slowed progress [2], [4], [5], [6] and [7]. Recent studies and literature reviews have attempted to determine correlates of protection for filovirus vaccines and to define the ability of humoral

or cellular immunity to ameliorate disease [8], [9], [10], [11] and [12]. Not surprisingly, it appears that both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune response can contribute to protection. We have recently developed (a) replication-competent, (b) replication-deficient, and (c) chemically inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccines expressing EBOV (Zaire) glycoprotein (GP) [13]. The recombinant RABV vaccine vector (RVA) is derived from the SAD B19 strain which is used for wildlife vaccination in Europe and has previously been used as a safe and efficacious platform to generate vaccine candidates against several pathogens [14], [15], [16], [17] and [18]. Two live vaccine candidates, RV-GP and RVΔG-GP, which has a deletion removing the entire RABV glycoprotein (G) gene, were found to be avirulent upon peripheral administration in mice.

Range was established with five replicate readings of each concen

Range was established with five replicate readings of each concentration. Precision of the method was determined in the terms of intra-day and inter-day variation (%RSD). Intra-day precision (%RSD) was assessed by analysing standard drug solutions within the calibration range, three times on the same day. %RSD was found to be 0.30–1.14 for TDF and 0.51–1.37 for ETB. Inter-day precision (%RSD) was assessed by analysing drug solutions within the calibration range on three different days over a period of a week. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-888.html %RSD was found to be for TDF and 0.57–1.08 for ETB. This indicates that adequate preciseness of the method. Detection limit and quantification limit was calculated by the method as described in Section 2.4.2. The LOQ

and LOD for www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-1775.html TDF were 13.99 ng and 42.40 ng. For ETB, LOQ and LOD were found to be 7.37 ng and 22.32 ng, respectively. This indicates that adequate sensitivity of the method. To the preanalysed sample a known amount of standard solution of pure drug (TDF and ETB) was over spotted at three different levels. These solutions were subjected to re-analysis by the proposed method and results of the same are shown in Table 2. The standard deviation of peak areas was calculated for each parameter and %R.S.D. was found 0.65–2.00. The low %R.S.D. indicates robustness of the method. The ruggedness of the proposed method was evaluated

by two different analysts. The results for TDF and ETB Casein kinase 1 were found to be 99.78%, 99.50% and 100.64%, 100.28%, respectively. Repeatability of sample application was assessed by spotting (300 ng/spot) of drug solution seven times on a TLC, followed by development of plate and recording the peak area for seven spots. The %R.S.D. for peak

area values of TDF and ETB was found to be 1.21 and 0.57, respectively. The summery of validation parameters were listed in Table 3. The chromatogram of samples degraded with acid, base, hydrogen peroxide and light showed well separated spots of pure TDF and ETB as well as some additional peaks at different Rf values. The number of degradation product with their Rf values, content of TDF and ETB remained, and percentage recovery were calculated and listed in Table 4. The proposed HPTLC method provides simple, accurate and reproducible quantitative analysis for simultaneous determination of TDF and ETB in tablets. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. All authors have none to declare. The authors are thankful to R.C. Patel College of Pharmacy for providing necessary facilities. “
“Diabetes associated complications have become a public health problem of considerable magnitude, because of huge premature morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes. Hyperglycemia inherent to diabetes patients accelerates accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Formation of AGEs is a slow non-enzymatic glycation process when reducing sugar reacts with proteins through a series of irreversible reaction and rearrangement.

Inclusion of the remaining 39 untyped samples and 57 partially ty

Inclusion of the remaining 39 untyped samples and 57 partially typed samples for reverse transcription and amplification with the One Step RT-PCR, using specific priming for VP7 and VP4, resulted in resolution of both G and P genotypes for an additional 45 samples. We subjected the remaining partially typed and untyped samples (n = 51) to specific priming for VP7 and VP4 RT using alternate primer sets ( Table 1). This

led to determination of both G and P types for 8 strains and partial typing for 35 strains (12 G untyped and 23 P untyped). Seven samples remained completely untyped ( Selleck Lumacaftor Fig. 2). Of the original 57 partially typed samples, 22 remained partially typed. Only one sample which failed to type in

the second-round PCR for either VP7 or VP4 had a first round product for both genes and these were sequenced and the strain identified as G11P[25]. The most common G and P types isolated were G1 (n = 100/307, 32%) and P[8] (n = 157/307, 51%), respectively ( Table 2). Use of a standard protocol for genotyping had resulted in 308/2226 (13.5%) samples being untyped for G and P types and 57/2226 (2.5%) being partially typed for either G or P type. The approach we used, as shown in Fig. 1, is to sequence the first-round G and P amplification product, if available. If not present, the presence of rotavirus is confirmed by performing VP6 PCR using both random and specific Selleckchem PD98059 priming approaches after re-extraction. If VP6 is positive,

specific priming with standard G and P primers or alternate primer sets was carried out to attempt genotyping of these samples. Application of the VP6 PCR for confirmation resulted in the identification of 58/2226 (2.6%) false positive ELISA results. A recent publication has indicated the sensitivity Florfenicol and specificity of the Premier Rotaclone kit to be 76% and 100%, respectively [12]. It is possible that the ELISA false positives identified in this study could be due to degradation of the nucleic acid in the samples, but it could also be due to variation in test performance characteristics depending on the laboratory and the types of samples included for evaluation. In the remaining 307 untyped and partially typed samples, alternate extraction methods with the standard primer sets resulted in typing of both G and P types in 256 (83%) and partially typing in 43 (14%) samples. Hence, use of the standard primer sets resulted in G or P or both types in 97% of the samples obtained from India. The lack of initial typing may be because of the inefficiency of the extraction followed by random priming or because PCR inhibitors may be carried over from extraction.

, UK All in vivo procedures were carried out in compliance with

, UK. All in vivo procedures were carried out in compliance with the United Kingdom Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and associated Codes of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals. Preparation of the HEC based RSV formulations has been described previously [13]. Briefly, a HiVac® Bowl (Summit Medical Ltd., Gloucestershire, UK) was used to facilitate mixing under vacuum following the stepwise

addition of components. Poylcarbophil (PC) (3% w/w) was first added to the bowl containing deionised water and sodium hydroxide prior to the addition of HEC (3 or 5% w/w) followed by polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) (4% w/w). PC (3% w/w) was added to the vortex produced in a metal beaker by rapid stirring (at 500 rev min−1) of deionised water and the required amount of NaOH to reach pH 6 using a Heidolph mechanical stirrer. Following complete dissolution of the mucoadhesive component, NaCMC (3, 5 or 10% w/w) and PVP (4% w/w) were added stepwise following attainment of homogeneity. Volasertib The gels were transferred to sterile centrifuge tubes, gently centrifuged and stored for 24 h (ambient temperature) prior to analysis. Flow rheometry was conducted using an AR2000 rheometer (T.A. Instruments, Surrey, England) at 25 ± 0.1 °C using a 6 cm diameter 5-Fluoracil ic50 parallel plate geometry (selected according to formulation consistency) and a gap of 1000 μm, as previously reported [12]. Flow curves

(plots of viscosity versus shear rate) were examined in the range of 0.1–100 s−1. NaCMC semi-solid (2.8 g) was weighed into a 5 ml syringe barrel. The semi-solid loaded syringe barrel was attached to a second syringe via a 1.5 cm length of Nalgene tubing. CN54gp140 (200 μl at 530 μg/ml) was added to the semi-solid containing syringe barrel via pipette and the plunger replaced. Uniform distribution of CN54gp140 throughout the semi-solid formulation was achieved by carrying out 40 passes of the syringe barrel contents from one syringe to the other (method previously validated [13]). Semi-solids (HEC- and NaCMC-based) (0.36 g) were weighed into a speed mixing pot prior

to the addition of CN54gp140 (180 μl at 3.5 mg/ml). 2 Spin cycles at 3300 rpm for 30 s were carried out to provide uniform antigen distribution throughout the semi-solid until formulations. The same lyophilization protocol was adopted for each formulation. To optimise the lyophilization protocols, the glass transition temperatures of the selected and cooled semi-solid formulations were investigated by DSC using hermetic pans (DSC Q100, TA Instruments, Surrey, UK). Following cooling to −60 °C and holding isothermally for 5 min, the samples were heated at 2–40 °C using a modulated procedure (±0.4 °C every 0.5 s). Prior to lyophilization, semi-solid formulations were dispensed into suitable blister packs using a TS250 Digital Timed Dispenser (Adhesive Dispensing Ltd., Buckinghamshire, UK) for tablet formation or alternatively extruded into nalgene tubing with the use of a 5 ml syringe for rod formation.

While G1P [8], G2P [4] and G9P [8] accounted for 64 4% of strains

While G1P [8], G2P [4] and G9P [8] accounted for 64.4% of strains, a number of unusual strains including uncommon G and P combinations such as G1P [4], G2P [8] and bovine-human reassortant strains Epigenetics Compound Library such as G10P [11] were also identified. G3 and G4 rotaviruses were not seen in this population. The common genotypes caused more severe disease than rare or reassortant strains. Higher disease severity has been shown to correspond with greater virus replication by stool

viral load [23]. It would be interesting to quantify the rotavirus shed in stools of children infected with these genotypes and determine if viral load is greater in common genotypes, indicating a replicative advantage possibly resulting in more severe disease. However, it is important to note that

the hospital based study design is biased towards severe cases and a better assessment of severity and genotype can be obtained through a combination of hospital and community based studies. In summary, the study provides an in-depth clinical description of rotavirus Stem Cell Compound Library cell line gastroenteritis and underscores the need for a uniform measure of severity assessment and clinical data collection in vaccine studies. This work was supported by grants from the Indian Council of Medical Research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA. Conflict of interest: None to declare “
“Diarrhoea remains an important cause of death in children under five years of age worldwide and accounted for an estimated 1.3 million deaths in 2008. In the Africa region, 19% of the 4.2 million annual deaths were caused by diarrhoea. In addition, 90% of deaths due to AIDS in children occurred in this region [1]. Rolziracetam Diarrhoeal disease has been identified as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in

HIV-infected children. Incidence rates for acute diarrhoea, recurrent diarrhoea and persistent diarrhoea were shown to be higher in HIV-infected infants compared to HIV-uninfected infants [2]. In South Africa, HIV-infected children admitted with diarrhoea were more likely to have prolonged diarrhoea, malnutrition, require a longer hospital stay and have a co-diagnosis of pneumonia. They also had a higher frequency of recurrent diarrhoea and recurrent hospital admissions [3], [4] and [5]. Data on the burden of rotavirus disease in HIV-infected children are limited. Globally, rotavirus is the main cause of acute gastroenteritis and accounted for 527,000 under-five childhood deaths in 2004. Rotavirus detection rates ranged from 16 to 66% with a mean detection rate in the Africa regions of 30% [6]. A review of South African studies shows that rotavirus contributes significantly to childhood diarrhoea in South Africa, with a median detection rate of 24% among inpatients [7]. Surveillance data from Gauteng, South Africa shows 23% of children hospitalised with diarrhoea were rotavirus positive [8].

009) and CD8+ (P = 0 02) cells after booster vaccination than aft

009) and CD8+ (P = 0.02) cells after booster vaccination than after prime vaccination. The concentration of IFN-γ, a cytokine which is one of the main indicators of the formation of Th1 and a cytotoxic cellular immune response, was also determined. As shown in Fig. 2, significant (P < 0.0001) accumulation of IFN-γ after stimulation with Brucella L7/L12 and Omp16 proteins was observed in the samples from the animals vaccinated with the viral constructs vaccine formulation only, as well as its combination with Montanide Gel01, or the B. abortus S19 vaccine

as compared to the control samples (without stimulation). Significant accumulation of IFN-γ was not observed in the samples from the group of animals vaccinated with Flu-L7/L12-Omp16-chitosan. CDK inhibitor It should be noted that the highest levels of IFN-γ accumulation after stimulation with Brucella antigens was observed in the samples from animals Autophagy inhibitor in vivo vaccinated with Flu-L7/L12-Omp16-MontanideGel01; the IFN-γ levels for this group were significantly higher (P = 0.01 or P = 0.0003) than the other experimental groups (28 days after the prime vaccination) and even slightly

superior (P = 0.12 or P = 0.22) to that of the positive control group vaccinated with B. abortus S19. Booster immunization did not significantly (P = 0.09 to P = 0.99) increase the concentration of IFN-γ in the samples from the animals in the experimental groups. As shown in Fig. 3, the highest level of protection was achieved with Flu-L7/L12-Omp16-MontanideGel01; the effectiveness of vaccination and index of infection for this group were 100% and 0, respectively. Good however results were also obtained with Flu-L7/L12-Omp16, which had a similar effectiveness of vaccination (60%), index of infection and number of cultured Brucella (P = 0.99 or P > 0.99) to the group vaccinated with the B. abortus S19 vaccine. The lowest effectiveness of

vaccination (40%) was observed for Flu-L7/L12-Omp16-chitosan. Despite this, the number of Brucella cultured from the lymph nodes and index of infection in this group was significantly lower (P = 0.02 or P = 0.007) than that of the negative control group (PBS), and not significantly different to the other experimental groups (from P = 0.29 to P = 0.98) or the positive control group (P = 0.62 or P = 0.92) groups. After challenge with B. abortus 544, the body temperature of the animals in the experimental groups remained within the normal range (37.5–39.5 °C) during the entire period of observation (30 days), while the body temperature of the animals in the negative and positive control groups increased to 40.0 °C on days 1–3 and day 2 post-challenge, respectively. The present work is a continuation of a series of studies aimed at developing an effective vaccine against B. abortus. As previously stated, a number of candidate vaccines against B. abortus have been prepared to date, most of which are DNA vaccines and live recombinant vaccines.