There are severe methodological problems that confound interpretation of data for testing the GRH. These problems include the measurement of protein and nucleic acids (such that ratio of these components carries a high level of uncertainty), studies of steady-state versus dynamic systems, and the presentation

of data per cell (especially as cell size varies with growth rate limitations) and the calculation of growth rates. In addition, because of the short generation times and rapid responses of these organisms to perturbations, ribosome and RNA content is expected to vary in response to (de)repression of various systems; content may increase on application of growth-limiting stress. Finally, that most phytoplankton accumulate P when not P Selleckchem AZD5363 stressed conflicts with the GRH. In consequence, the value of the GRH for any sort of predictive role in nature appears to be severely limited. We conclude that the GRH cannot be assumed to apply to phytoplankton taxa without first performing experimental tests under transient conditions. “
“Gametophytes of Ulva mutabilis Føyn and Ulva lactuca L. were artificially induced to form gametangia by removal of sporulation inhibitors. After this treatment, U. mutabilis gametes were ready for swarming on the third morning after induction, while U. lactuca gametangia needed 1–2 d longer for maturation. Release of gametes of U. lactuca was dependent solely upon Osimertinib cost exposure to the first light in the morning. Gametangia

of U. mutabilis, however, also required sufficient dilution of the swarming inhibitor (SWI). SWI was excreted transiently by both Ulva species early during gametogenesis. While the SWI concentration in U. mutabilis medium remained above the inhibitory concentration until the gametangia were mature, the concentration of U. lactuca-SWI dropped rapidly below this level. In the presence of sufficient SWI, mature gametes of U. mutabilis remained motionless within the gametangia despite light and open exit pores. However, using SEM, an additional seal was detected within these pores, which MCE probably prevented premature swarming until dilution of SWI and exposure to light. Observations

by time lapse microscopy and experiments with the myosin kinase inhibitor BDM suggest that the gametes may be either extruded by the gametangium or leave the exit pore by active gliding motion, driven by a myosin-like motor protein. The SWIs were purified from both Ulva species, and mass spectral analysis showed their molecular masses (292 Da) were identical. “
“Rab GTPases are central regulators of cell shape in land plants by coordinating vesicle trafficking during morphogenesis. To date, relatively little is known about the role of these ubiquitous signaling proteins during cell growth in microalgae, in particular in the related charophyte algae. This article identifies the first charophyte Rab GTPase, MdRABE1, in Micrasterias denticulata Bréb., a convenient model organism for studying morphogenesis.

There are severe methodological problems that confound interpretation of data for testing the GRH. These problems include the measurement of protein and nucleic acids (such that ratio of these components carries a high level of uncertainty), studies of steady-state versus dynamic systems, and the presentation

of data per cell (especially as cell size varies with growth rate limitations) and the calculation of growth rates. In addition, because of the short generation times and rapid responses of these organisms to perturbations, ribosome and RNA content is expected to vary in response to (de)repression of various systems; content may increase on application of growth-limiting stress. Finally, that most phytoplankton accumulate P when not P Doxorubicin nmr stressed conflicts with the GRH. In consequence, the value of the GRH for any sort of predictive role in nature appears to be severely limited. We conclude that the GRH cannot be assumed to apply to phytoplankton taxa without first performing experimental tests under transient conditions. “
“Gametophytes of Ulva mutabilis Føyn and Ulva lactuca L. were artificially induced to form gametangia by removal of sporulation inhibitors. After this treatment, U. mutabilis gametes were ready for swarming on the third morning after induction, while U. lactuca gametangia needed 1–2 d longer for maturation. Release of gametes of U. lactuca was dependent solely upon Selleck Tamoxifen exposure to the first light in the morning. Gametangia

of U. mutabilis, however, also required sufficient dilution of the swarming inhibitor (SWI). SWI was excreted transiently by both Ulva species early during gametogenesis. While the SWI concentration in U. mutabilis medium remained above the inhibitory concentration until the gametangia were mature, the concentration of U. lactuca-SWI dropped rapidly below this level. In the presence of sufficient SWI, mature gametes of U. mutabilis remained motionless within the gametangia despite light and open exit pores. However, using SEM, an additional seal was detected within these pores, which MCE公司 probably prevented premature swarming until dilution of SWI and exposure to light. Observations

by time lapse microscopy and experiments with the myosin kinase inhibitor BDM suggest that the gametes may be either extruded by the gametangium or leave the exit pore by active gliding motion, driven by a myosin-like motor protein. The SWIs were purified from both Ulva species, and mass spectral analysis showed their molecular masses (292 Da) were identical. “
“Rab GTPases are central regulators of cell shape in land plants by coordinating vesicle trafficking during morphogenesis. To date, relatively little is known about the role of these ubiquitous signaling proteins during cell growth in microalgae, in particular in the related charophyte algae. This article identifies the first charophyte Rab GTPase, MdRABE1, in Micrasterias denticulata Bréb., a convenient model organism for studying morphogenesis.

Fixed factors (independent variables) tested in each of the models were the foal’s age and sex, the number of dominant mares (at the date of suckling bout), the herd nested within the season (1999/2000, 2001/2002, 2008/2010), the mother’s age, the mother’s www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html parity, the number of other suckling foals within the herd, the number of other animals in the herd, the number

of previous births of the mother, the number of offspring successfully reared by the mother, the place where the suckling bout occurred (stable, yard or enclosure; in analyses of suckling bout duration only), and the feeding state of the mother (‘yes’, ‘no’, ‘interrupted due to nursing’; in analyses of suckling bout duration only), and their first-order FK506 interaction terms. In all models, repeated measures on the same individuals across the period of observation were handled with the

individual foal entering the model as a subject in the repeated statement. The within-group means were appropriately adjusted for the other effects in the model (least-squares means statement). The differences between the means were tested by t-test; with multiple comparisons we used the Tukey–Kramer adjustment. Average suckling bout duration lasted for 57.32 ± 25.02 s (n = 1689 bouts) in Grévy’s zebra, 60.24 ± 19.64 s (n = 2012 bouts) in plains zebra and 71.95 ± 27.64 s (n = 835 bouts) in mountain zebras. The longest suckling bout lasted for 4 min and 16 s in Grévy’s zebras, 4 min and 35 s in plains zebras, and 3 min and 14 s in mountain zebras. The duration of suckling bouts decreased with increasing age of the foal [F = 173.00; degrees of freedom (d.f.) = 1, 4497; P < 0.001]. Duration was affected by the animal medchemexpress that terminated the

bout (F = 178.19; d.f. = 2, 4497; P < 0.001), by the interaction between species and the animal that terminated the bout (F = 22.09; d.f. = 4, 4497; P < 0.001), and by the feeding status of the mare at the beginning of the suckling bout (F = 31.46; d.f. = 2, 4497; P < 0.001). In all three zebra species, suckling bouts terminated by the foal were longer than those terminated by the mare (plains zebras: t = 7.97, d.f. = 4497, P < 0.001; Grévy’s zebras: t = 6.88, d.f. = 4497, P < 0.001; mountain zebras: t = 14.83, d.f. = 4497, P < 0.001) or by a herdmate (plains zebras: t = 5.81, d.f. = 4497, P < 0.001; Grévy’s zebras: t = 2.59, d.f. = 4497, P = 0.01; mountain zebras: t = 6.28, d.f. = 4497, P < 0.001; Fig. 1). The suckling bouts were shorter when terminated by a herdmate than when terminated by the mare in plains zebras only (t = 3.49, d.f. = 4497, P = 0.015). When the mother interrupted feeding because of nursing, then the suckling bouts duration lasted longer than when the mother did not feed (t = 3.65, d.f. = 4497, P < 0.001) or when she was feeding during the whole bout (t = 7.86, d.f. = 4497, P < 0.001). The suckling bout duration was longer when she was not feeding than when she was feeding while nursing (t = 6.28, d.f. = 4497, P < 0.001).

Some facial pain presentations are diagnostically challenging, and the evolution of symptoms over time may either clarify, or rule out, the diagnosis initially given. Extant classification systems may also hinder diagnosis or result in inaccurate labeling. It has been

found that the number of patients whose symptoms could not be classified as a specific diagnosis was larger in ICHD-II than in ICHD-I, with particular difficulty experienced in patients with persistent idiopathic facial pain.[109] In a study examining the usefulness of the ICHD-II classification criteria, only 56% of patients were successfully diagnosed with orofacial pain using ICHD-II.[2] Applying American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP)/Research Diagnostic Criteria for

Temporomandibular Disorders PD 332991 (RDCTMD) criteria, a further 37% were diagnosed with masticatory myofascial pain (MMP), and further published criteria enabled the remaining patients to be allocated to other predefined diagnoses. The authors concluded that while MMP is clearly defined by AAOP and the RDCTMD, expansion of ICHD-II was needed so as to integrate more orofacial pain syndromes. It may be better to check details give no diagnosis rather than the wrong diagnosis, as revising a diagnosis that has previously been presented to the patient as definitive can be damaging to the therapeutic relationship and the patient’s confidence in the clinician. The use of a grading system such 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 as “definite,” “probable,” or “possible” has been suggested for use when diagnosing neuropathic pain.[110] This classification could be extended to other orofacial pain diagnoses as a means of managing the uncertainty in providing diagnoses

for conditions that have varied clinical presentations. Ontological approaches to the diagnosis and classification of facial pain syndromes aim to reduce the problems associated with “labeling” and focus on the use of purely descriptive terms with no inferences made regarding mechanism or etiology.[27] Labeling” or compartmentalizing patients into diagnostic categories also ignores the multifaceted nature of chronic pain syndromes, particularly orofacial pain. The patient is not the diagnosis – rather the pain condition has occurred in a patient who exists within a milieu of social, cultural, psychological, and cognitive influences. Patients’ beliefs about their condition will also affect their disability and outcome,[111] as the quote in Figure 3 — illustrates. Recognizing the significance of these contributory factors to the overall presentation is essential for effective therapeutic dialogue as well as good management of pain. This concept has been further explored in a recent series of qualitative studies examining patients’ experience and perception of orofacial pain.[26, 102, 105] As with any other chronic pain psychological factors will increase pain disability.

4, 5 Indeed, HCV virions with a density <1.06 g/mL are associated with lipoproteins, thus forming hybrid particles known as lipoviral particles (LVPs). These low-density viral particles are globular, rich in triacylglycerol selleck chemicals and total cholesterol (TChol) and contain the viral envelope glycoproteins and nucleocapsid (composed of HCV RNA and core protein).

In addition, LVPs contain all the apolipoproteins (apo) that define the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Indeed, apolipoprotein (apo) B, apoE, apoCI, apoCII, and apoCIII, all of which characterize very low-density, intermediate-density, and low-density lipoproteins (VLDL, IDL, and LDL, respectively), also characterize LVPs (for review, see André et al.6 and Bartenschlager et al.7). Interestingly, the proportions of circulating low-density virus vary widely from patient to patient; in some cases, all HCV RNA is recovered in plasma low-density fractions or is coimmunoprecipitated by apoB-specific antibodies.8 The study of LVPs has been hampered by the absence of an in vitro culture

system that produces find more apoB-associated viral particles. Infectious cell culture–produced HCV (HCVcc) that can be propagated efficiently only in the human hepatoma cell line Huh7 has higher density than in vivo circulating viruses.9 HCVcc are associated with apoE and apoC, but only marginally with apoB, in contrast to ex vivo–characterized LVPs.10, 11 Despite these differences, two sets of evidence further ascertain the role of lipoproteins in HCVcc assembly. First, alteration MCE of the lipoprotein pathway by inhibition of the microsomal

triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) or of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) or silencing of apoB or apoE expression decreases the production of infectious HCVcc virions.12-14 Second, the phospholipid compositions of HCVcc and TRL share similar characteristics, whereas they strikingly differ from those of cellular membranes or envelopes of virus that assemble at cellular membranes.15-17 Furthermore, lipoprotein lipases that specifically hydrolyse lipoprotein triacylglycerol modify HCVcc biochemical and physical features and decrease their infectivity.18, 19 Thus, both in vivo–produced and in vitro–produced HCV particles share many characteristics of lipoprotein association, but with differences in the extent of apoB association. Recently, we studied the capacity of cell lines to secrete recombinant envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2.20 Only cell lines that produce TRLs such as HepG2, Huh7, and Caco-2 were able to secrete the envelope glycoproteins, in contrast to cells that do not synthesize lipoproteins. The envelope glycoproteins and apoB were present in the same lipoproteins released from HepG2 and Caco-2, but only marginally or not at all with particles released from Huh7. Poor lipidation of apoB in Huh7 compared with other cell lines might explain these differences.

6/100 person-years,

Navitoclax confirming that Portuguese rates of H. pylori infection remain among the highest in Europe. Similar high values were reported in eastern Europe. In Turkey, in a population-based cross-sectional survey, more than 4600 subjects were tested across the country, resulting in a weighted overall prevalence of infection of 82.5% [6]. Interestingly, the prevalence was lowest among individuals living in the southern part of the country who usually have a citrus fruit rich diet, as this is the major citrus fruit-growing area. Indeed, vitamin C is effective in the prevention of most infections; thus, the authors suggested that it might also play a role in H. pylori infection. In North America, the prevalence of H. pylori seems to be similar to northern Europe. click here Further evidence was provided by a Canadian study where the presence of H. pylori infection was evaluated in 203 aboriginal patients with dyspepsia referred for gastroscopy. H. pylori infection was reported by histology in 37.9% of patients [7]. To the contrary, a study from Mexico

[8] confirmed the previously reported [9] high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Latin America. A seroprevalence of 52.2% was reported among 343 pregnant women living in rural areas in Mexico. In Asia, the studies published over the last year showed high prevalence rates of H. pylori infection ranging from 54% to 76% [10-16]. Only one study carried out on healthy individuals in Saudi Arabia showed a low prevalence of infection of about 28% [17]. In Korea, in a large cross-sectional nationwide multicenter study, more than 10,000 asymptomatic subjects without a history 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 of H. pylori eradication were enrolled [10]. The

seroprevalence of infection was 54.4%. However, this estimate was lower than that reported in the same country by two similar surveys performed in 1998 [18] and 2005 [19], where the prevalence of H. pylori was 66.9% and 59.6%, respectively. This decrease was significant across all age groups and in most areas of the country. In China, a survey of H. pylori infection was carried out on a sample of the general population from areas with high incidence of gastric cancer [11]. A total of 5417 healthy individuals aged between 30 and 69 years were tested with the 13C-urea breath test. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 63.4%. Similar high values were reported in India, Kazakhstan, and Bhutan. In India, the prevalence of infection ranged from 58% to 62% in subjects with dyspeptic symptoms [12, 13]. In Kazakhstan, among symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 76.5% [14]. Similarly, in Bhutan, the infection was present in 73.4% of cases, although it was lower in the capital city, Thimphu, than in the rural areas, mainly related to sanitary conditions [15]. An even higher prevalence rate of 86% was reported from another study in the same country [16]. New data have also been published from African countries.

Uncommon reported complications of EUS-FNA for pancreatic tumour PF-02341066 ic50 were infection, bleeding, perforation, and acute pancreatitis. Acute portal vein thrombosis (APVT) as rare complication of EUS-FNA was reported once only in a case of advance metastatic pancreatic cancer. Local tumour infiltration of portal vein with post EUS-FNA bacteremia

was presumably the causative factors and intravenous antibiotic prior to EUS-FNA was suggested as preventive measures. Methods: We present a middle age lady with advance metastatic pancreatic cancer referred for EUS-FNA. Preprocedural imaging studies showed a pancreatic head mass, measuring 3.8 x 3.3 cm with

thick enhancing wall and central hypodensity. The portovenous and splenomesenteric vessels were patent. Several hepatic masses were noted, in keeping with metastases. Antibiotic was given to the patient in view of cystic nature of pancreatic tumour prior to EUS_FNA. The EUS-FNA was performed with linear endoscopic ultrasound (Olympus, GF-UCT140-AL5, Japan). EUS-FNA was performed on the lymph node initially, and followed by pancreatic tumour with 22 G FNA needle (Cook Medical Inc, Limerick Ireland). The pancareatic tumour was difficult to assess despite changing to pancreatic tumour with 25 G FNA EPZ015666 ic50 needle (Cook Medical Inc, Limerick Ireland). The technical difficulty in assessing the lesion led to prolonged procedural time. Results: She presented three days later with abdominal pain, which later diagnosed as acute portovenous thrombosis based on repeated computer tomogram. Anticoagulation was initiated and subsequently patient was arranged for palliative chemotherapy. Conclusion: In conclusion, medchemexpress prothrombotic state in advance pancreatic cancer, venous stasis from endoscope manipulation and micro-endothelial injury from mechanical manipulation during EUS-FNA can lead

to acute portal vein thrombosis. Our experience showed acute portal vein thrombosis can occur in naïve portovenous vessels in advanced pancreatic cancer. Key Word(s): 1. Portal Vein; 2. Thrombosis; 3. Endoscopy; 4. Ultrasound; Presenting Author: HIROYUKI HISAI Additional Authors: YUTAKA KOSHIBA, TASUKU HIRAKO, YUUKI IKEDA, YOHEI ARIHARA, ETSU MIYAZAKI Corresponding Author: HIROYUKI HISAI Affiliations: Jaoan Red Cross Date General Hospital Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emergency ERCP and pancreatic duct (PD) stent placement in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). Methods: Between January 2002 and March 2013, 90 patients with ABP referred to our institution. Total 60 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study.

Infection process was similar on the surface of the lemma, palea and glume. Growth of the fungus in the epidermal and parenchyma cells was found predominantly in the cell walls, and hyphae also extended intercellularly and intracellularly. Infection of seeds appeared to occur via two ways: (i) direct infection of the outer layers of the cell walls of the pericarp and (ii) through entering the stigma into the pericarp cells. Secretion of host cell wall hydrolytic enzymes at the apex of the penetrating hyphae

may facilitate the spread of the fungus. In addition, toxins secreted by the fungus might explain the rapid death of host cells in contact with or distant to fungal cells. A host response to fungal infection involved NVP-LDE225 mouse the development of appositions between cell wall and plasma membrane in cells adjacent to fungal cells. Fungal hyphae were sometimes also surrounded by electron dense material. “
“The genome of Potato virus Y is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule that encodes a single large polypeptide that is cleaved by self-encoded proteases into 10 functional proteins. Using specific primers designed based on the cloned genome sequence of the necrotic strain of Potato virus Y (PVYN), we amplified 400 bp and 500 bp cDNA fragments from the 3′ ends of P1, HC-Pro, P3, CI, Vpg, NIa, NIb and CP genes. These cDNA fragments were then inserted into the binary vector pROKII

to construct the vectors pROK-P1, pROK-HC-Pro, pROK-P3, pROK-CI, pROK-NIa-Vpg, pROK-NIa-Pro, pROK-NIb and pROK-CP, all of which contained hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs). These recombinant binary vectors were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain Rapamycin chemical structure LBA4404 and then into Nicotiana tabacum L. var. NC89 plants, respectively. Virus challenge inoculation indicated that the plants transformed with each construct were resistant to PVY infection, and the percentage

MCE公司 of resistant plants obtained ranged from 33–64%. Northern blot showed an inverse correlation between transgenic transcript accumulation and virus resistance. siRNAs could be detected in all the resistant plants. We also studied the relationship between the secondary structure and the gene-silencing efficiency and found a positive correlation between local free energies (ΔGloc) and the virus-resistance ratio. For each construct, one line of progeny T1 was randomly selected to analyse the inheritance of the transgene and the resistance. All transgenic single locus lines were completely resistant, and this resistance could be stably inherited. “
“Fungi (17 species), oomycetous organisms (four species of Pythium) and a plasmodiophorid (Polymyxa graminis) were recorded in wheat roots analysed by cloning of the total ITS1/2 rDNA and sequencing of representative clones. Roots of a fourth successive wheat crop were inhabited mostly by fungal pathogens including Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Monographella nivalis var. nivalis, Ophiosphaerella sp. and Helgardia anguioides.

Viruses were propagated in HEK293 toxin-resistant cells. Wild type (WT) and mutated K-Ras tumor cells were tested for inhibition of cell proliferation, viability, toxin-expression, and induction of apoptosis upon treatment. Results: Results: Two helper

cell lines BGB324 ic50 and vectors for targeted gene delivery were established. Specific massive cell death (&gt50%) at low MOIs was induced in K-Ras activated cells upon treatment, compared to WT-K-Ras cells. Viral infection induced a marked inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis in cells expressing high Ras activity whereas WT-K-Ras cells remained unaffected. Conclusion: Conclusions: These novel adenoviral vectors carrying either, PE38, MazF or MazEF genes targeting the K-Ras pathway can serve to selectively and efficiently kill K-Ras mutated PC cells while sparing WT-Ras normal cells, thereby improving the outcome of this devastating disease. Key Word(s): 1. adenovirus; 2. cytotoxic agents; 3. gene delivery; 4. cancer; Presenting Author: HE MEIRONG Corresponding Author: HE MEIRONG Affiliations: Nanfang Hospital Objective: A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) participates in the proliferation and survival of several carcinoma cells. Therefore, inhibiting OTX015 research buy APRIL function maybe provide a novel treatment for APRIL-relative

tumors. Our study was aimed to screen some high-affinity sAPRIL-binding peptides, and research their inhibitory effects on proliferation in colorectal cancer cells. Methods: High-affinity sAPRIL-binding peptides were screened

medchemexpress and identified from Phage Display Peptide Library. The peptide sequences were deduced according to their DNA sequences. The biological activity of the peptides synthesized artificially was determined by ELISA. The peptide with highest activity was used in the further experiments. The effect of the peptide on proliferation and cell cycle and apoptosis in LOVO cells in vitro were detected by cell proliferation assay and flow cytometry respectively. LOVO cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. When the xenograft had come up to the standard, the nude mice were classified into three groups, low concentration group and high concentration group and control group. The inhibitory effect of the peptide on xenograft was evaluated by tumor growth curves. Results: The deduced core peptide sequence was AAAPLAQPHMWA. The peptide was proved to inhibit the proliferation of LOVO cell significantly (P<0.05). The percentage of LOVO cells in G0/G1 phase after 24h and 48h exposed to the peptide was significantly increased versus the control group (P<0.05), while that in G2/M phase was decreased statistically (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, after 24h and 48h exposed to the peptide, the percentage of apoptotic LOVO cells showed no significant difference (P&gt0.05). The tumor growth curves demonstrated that the growth of LOVO cells in nude mice was significantly inhibited.

3 mm), 1.8 m long, compatible with 19-gauge needles in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle (19 G EchoTip). The catheter has 2 ring electrodes 8 mm apart with the distal electrode 5 mm from the leading edge, providing local coagulative necrosis over a 2.5-cm length Energy was delivered by an RFA generator (1500 RF generator; RITA Medical Systems Inc, Fremont, Calif) delivering electrical energy at 400 kHz at 7 to 10 W for 2 minutes, with a rest period of 1 minute Epigenetics inhibitor before moving the

catheter. (C) Results: The pain had complete relief and the patient gave up their morphine-based medication 2 weeks after the procedure. Conclusion: Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided celiac plexus block by radiofrequency ablation seems to be a safe and effective method for short-term pain management in patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer. Key Word(s): 1.

pancreatic carcinoma; 2. radiofrequency; 3. celiac plexus block; Presenting Author: CAICHANG CHUN Corresponding Author: CAICHANG CHUN Affiliations: university of jiujiang Objective: To evaluate endoscopic ulrasonograp- hy (EUS)for diagnosis of ectopie pancreas in upper gastroin- testinal tract. Methods: Data of 23 patients with ectopic pancreas diagnosed by EUS and confirmed by pathological examination were reviewed. The feature of EUS image and diagnostic accuracy were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Out of 23 patients, 22 (95.6%)were pathologieally diagnosed as having ectopie pancreas. All ectopie pancreases presented as MCE公司 protruding lesions, in which 16 were located at gastric antrum, 1 in gastric body and 6 in duodenum. Under EUS, The Sirolimus price lesion involved muscularis mucosae in 4 cases. Submucosa in 17. no other complications occurred. There Was one relapse during the 6 months of followed – up. Conclusion: EUS

is valuable and safe for the diagnosis of ectopic panere. as in upper gastro inte- stinal tract. Key Word(s): 1. EUS; 2. Pancreatic diseases; 3. ectopic pancreas; 4. diagnosis; Presenting Author: SHINICHI KATAOKA Additional Authors: SHINEI KUDO, MASASHI MISAWA, KUNIHIKO WAKAMURA, TAKEMASA HAYASHI, HIDEYUKI MIYACHI, SHOGO OKOSHI Corresponding Author: SHINICHI KATAOKA, SHINEI KUDO, MASASHI MISAWA, KUNIHIKO WAKAMURA, TAKEMASA HAYASHI, HIDEYUKI MIYACHI, SHOGO OKOSHI Affiliations: Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital; Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital Objective: Endocytoscopy (EC) is an ultra-magnification technique, which can be performed to evaluate structural and cellular atypia with observation of lumens and nuclei in the surface layer of the mucosa. EC has made it possible to diagnose living tumor cells in vivo and to obtain ultra-magnification pathological images simply by applying the scope to the target mucosa during an endoscopic examination.