Nuevo, M., Meierhenrich, U. J., Muoz-Caro, G. M., Dartois, E., d’Hendecourt, L., Deboffle, D., Auger, G., Blanot, D., Bredehoft, J. H., Nahon, L., (2006) The effects of circularly polarized light on amino acid enantiomers Linsitinib clinical trial produced by the UV irradiation of interstellar ice analogs, Astron. Astrophys., 457:741–751. Nuevo, M., Meierhenrich, U. J., d’Hendecourt, L., Muoz-Caro, G. M., Dartois, E., Deboffle, D., Thiemann, W. H.-P., Bredehoft, J.-H., Nahon, L., (2007) Enantiomeric separation of

complex organic molecules produced from irradiation of interstellar/circumstellar ice analogs, Adv. Space Res., 39, 400–404. Pizzarello, S., Cronin, J. R., (2000) Geochem. Cosmo. Acta, Non-racemic amino acids in the Murray and Murchison meteorites, 64:329–338. Pizzarello, S., Zolensky, M., Turk, K. A., (2003) Geochem. Cosmo. Acta, Nonracemic isovaline in the

Murchison find more meteorite: Chiral distribution and mineral association, 67:1589–1595. Reisse, J., Cronin, J., in: Bordeaux, P. U. d. (Ed.), Les traces du vivant, Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 2003, pp. 82–113. E-mail: Louis.​DHendecourt@ias.​u-psud.​fr The Salt-Induced Peptide Formation Reaction as Possible Origin of Biohomochirality Daniel Fitz, Bernd M. Rode Division of Theoretical Chemistry; Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry; University of Innsbruck The Salt-Induced Peptide Formation PD0332991 datasheet (SIPF) Reaction has been shown to yield considerable amounts of di- and oligopeptides from amino acids in aqueous solution under assumed

prebiotic conditions just with the help of sodium chloride and Cu(II) ions. Strikingly, a few amino acids, especially alanine (Plankensteiner, et al. 2004) and valine (Plankensteiner, et al. 2005), show better reactivity when present in their L-form compared to their D-enantiomers, suggesting that this reaction might have played a keyrole in the origin of biohomochirality. This behaviour may be explained by the geometry of the active, peptide-forming Methocarbamol species. Under the reaction conditions a central copper ion forms a complex containing two amino acids and one choride ligand in a distorted square ‘plane’. This distortion gives rise to central chirality at the copper ion, which, because of its relatively high atomic number, can now provide considerably high parity-violating energy differences (PVEDs, caused by parity violation in weak interactions) between a complex containing L-amino acids and its D-analogue. Ab initio geometry calculations of such active complexes show that the out-of-plane distortion of the ligands is more pronounced for amino acids showing an enantiomeric preference for the L-form than for those which do not (Fitz, et al. 2007).

No sign of the presence of a transitional layer is further revealed in Figure  3, which excludes the formation of ternary compounds, for instance, in agreement with the XRD patterns of Figure  2a. BAY 11-7082 supplier The absence of epitaxial

relationship is likely due to (i) the very high lattice mismatch between ZnO and CdTe and to (ii) the high growth rate for the deposition of CdTe by CSS that typically lies in the range of 0.5 to 1 μm/h. This is also usual for the deposition of CdTe by CSS in the form of thin films. In contrast, some epitaxial relationships have been reported for ZnO/ZnSe core-shell NW arrays, despite the polycrystalline nature of the ZnSe shell [13]; however, the growth rate for the deposition of the ZnSe shell by pulsed laser deposition is instead much lower and of the order of 0.03 μm/h, favoring the establishment of epitaxial learn more relationships. The growth of CdTe NGs by CSS basically follows the Volmer-Weber mechanisms [30]: 3D islands initially nucleate on the vertical sidewalls and top of the ZnO NWs, then coarsen, and eventually coalesce to form a continuous 2D shell.

Interestingly, the CdTe NGs are preferentially oriented along the <531 > direction: the degree of preferred orientation as deduced from the Harris method is 0.6, corresponding to a <531 > texture coefficient of 2.4, as shown in Figure  2b. The texture magnitude is hence not pronounced, as expected for polycrystalline thin films deposited by CSS in contrast to standard physical

vapor deposition or sputtering [51]. The texture of CdTe NGs can be accounted for by thermodynamic considerations N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (as usually achieved for polycrystalline thin films), for which grain growth is driven by the minimization of total free energy. The total free energy is dependent upon surface, interface, and Selleck PF-3084014 strain energy, which are strongly anisotropic in CdTe (i.e., the anisotropy factor is equal to 2.32) [52]. Here, CdTe NGs have yielded (the yield stress being fairly low), and the strain is plastically accommodated; Σ3 deformation twins, and dislocations are formed. The stored strain energy within a grain is however expected to be insufficient for further relaxation in nearby grains: accordingly, the strain energy depends on both the yield stress and elastic biaxial modulus. The <531 > texture is thus governed by strain energy minimization since the <531 > direction has one of the lowest biaxial elastic modulus [53]. The growth of the as-grown CdTe NGs on ZnO NWs preserves the typical growth regimes for their planar growth. However, the critical film thickness separating the growth regimes driven by surface or strain energy minimization is strongly decreased. Upon the CdCl2 heat treatment of the ZnO/CdTe core-shell NW arrays, CdTe NGs significantly grow and their crystallization is enhanced; the formation of the well-defined facets and GBs is shown in Figure  1 for high annealing temperature.

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