Embryo protection is therefore limited by the imperative

to ensure a concrete possibility to achieve a successful pregnancy. The Court also reaffirmed the need to empower the attending physician with the means to carry out a full evaluation. At present, the situation is not clear and, theoretically, requires a new intervention by Parliament. This, however, is unlikely. (C) 2009, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In spite of recent advances in chemotherapy, the treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma remains unsatisfactory. To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of combination Erastin therapy for pulmonary aspergilloma, we conducted a multi-institutional prospective study using micafungin (MCFG) and itraconazole (ITCZ). Adult patients who fulfilled the criteria for pulmonary aspergilloma were enrolled in this study. After patient consent had been obtained, intravenous MCFG 150 mg/day and an oral capsule of ITCZ 200 mg/day were administered for at least 1 month. The primary endpoint was the response assessed using an algorithm that incorporated the levels of improvement by evaluating clinical symptoms and signs, mycological and serological tests, and diagnostic imaging. A total of 17 patients were enrolled

from three facilities. The response rate to the combination therapy was 58.8% (10/17). The long-term control in the group of patients who responded to treatment click here was better than that in the group of patients who did not respond. Adverse events occurred in 6 of the 17 patients (35.3%), but there were no severe adverse events. MCFG-ITCZ combination therapy appeared to be relatively safe and effective in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma.”
“The aim of this EPZ004777 molecular weight randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study was to evaluate N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) as an adjunctive therapy following unilateral laparoscopic ovarian drilling

(LOD) for clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A total of 60 patients with clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS who underwent unilateral LOD were assigned randomly to receive either NAC 1.2 g/d (group A = 30) or placebo (group B = 30) for 5 days starting at day 3 of the cycle for 12 consecutive cycles. The primary outcome was pregnancy rate; secondary outcomes were ovulation rates, endometrial thickness and pregnancy outcome. Baseline clinical, endocrine, and sonographic characteristics were similar in the two groups. A significant increase in both ovulation and pregnancy rates was observed in the NAC group, compared with placebo [87% versus 67% (RR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2-2.7) and 77% versus 57% (RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-2.7), respectively, P < 0.01]. Moreover, miscarriage rates were significantly tower and live birth rates were significantly higher in the NAC group [8.7% versus 23.

Change in C ring configuration (isoaurones) resulted in lower IP and O-H BDE value at C-6. The current findings suggest that aurones deserve more attention for food or pharmaceutical applications as antioxidants. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The star-shaped polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was synthesized via radical polymerization promoted by metallocene complexes in the presence of initiator of tetra(2,3-epoxy propoxy)silane (Is) and reducing agent Zn. The effect of temperature, time, molar ratio of monomer to initiator, and the structure of metallocene complexes on the polymerization performance was investigated. The structure

and properties of the obtained polymer were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, multiangle laser light click here scattering, selleck screening library (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and WAXD. The results indicated that the obtained polymer was atacticspecific and featured narrow molecular weight distribution (1.30-1.57). Star-shaped organosiloxane-functionalized PMMA was produced. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 1652-1658, 2011″
“This audit examined

outcomes for 203 patients prescribed zonisamide (ZNS) for various uncontrolled seizure types at a specialist outpatient service. Forty-two (20.7%) patients achieved 6 months of seizure freedom, and an additional 37 (18.2%) had a >= 50% seizure reduction for 6 months on a stable ZNS dose. Seizure freedom was more likely in patients with primary generalized (24/61, 39%) than in those with partial-onset (18/141, 12.7%) seizures (P < 0.001). Eight patients (5 seizure free) were see more maintained on ZNS monotherapy. More patients became seizure free with ZNS as monotherapy or first add-on, compared with those in whom ZNS was the second, third, or fourth adjunctive drug (P = 0.001). Seizure freedom was less likely in patients treated

with hepatic enzyme-inducing agents (13/113, 11.5%) than in those receiving noninducing AEDs (24/82, 29.3%) (P = 0.002). ZNS was discontinued in 72 (35.5%) patients largely because of side effects (n = 58, 28.6%). Commonest complaints leading to withdrawal were sedation (n = 14), nausea and vomiting (n = 13), neuropsychiatric symptoms (n = 12), rash (n = 6), and weight loss (n = 6). Around 80% of patients who became seizure free on ZNS or had the drug withdrawn did so on a dose <= 200 mg. ZNS is an effective broad-spectrum AED that can also produce a range of dose-dependent and idiosyncratic side effects. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Recently, we have shown that seed shells contain a large amount of highly polymeric proanthocyanidins having a series of heteropolyflavan-3-ols with doubly linked A-type linkages as well as single B-type bonds without gallic acid esterified to them. Here, we attempted to evaluate in vivo anti-obesity effects of the polymerized proanthocyanidins in mice.

Methods: A set of innovative algorithms is used for the fast calculation and interpretation of electron-density attributes of molecular structures at the quantum level for rapid discovery of prospective pharmaceuticals. Potency and efficacy, as well as additional physicochemical, metabolic, pharmacokinetic, safety, permeability and other properties were characterized by the procedure. Once quantum models are developed and experimentally validated, the methodology provides a straightforward implementation for lead discovery, compound optimizzation and de novo molecular

design.

Results: Starting with a diverse training set of 26 well-known anti-malarial agents combined with 1730 moderately active and inactive molecules, novel compounds that have strong anti-malarial activity, low cytotoxicity and structural dissimilarity from the training set were

discovered and experimentally validated. Twelve compounds were identified selleck compound in silico and tested in vitro; eight of them showed anti-malarial activity (IC50 <= 10 mu M), with six being very effective (IC50 <= 1 mu M), and four exhibiting low nanomolar potency. The most active compounds were also tested for mammalian cytotoxicity and found to be non-toxic, with a FRAX597 manufacturer therapeutic index of more than 6,900 for the most active compound.

Conclusions: Gradient’s metric modelling approach and electron-density molecular representations can be powerful tools in the discovery and design of novel anti-malarial compounds. Since the quantum models are agnostic of the particular biological target, the technology can account for different mechanisms of action and be used for de novo design of small molecules with activity against not only the asexual phase of the malaria parasite, but also against the liver stage of the parasite development, which may lead to true causal prophylaxis.”
“Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes life-threatening disease outbreaks

in young children in Asia. This cohort study was conducted to understand the dynamics of maternal EV71 antibodies in Taiwanese young infants. Approximately 50% of neonates had detectable EV71 neutralizing antibodies, which SB431542 molecular weight declined to almost undetectable levels by 6 months of age.”
“A novel series of polycyclic amines, containing nitrogen monoxide donating moieties, were synthesised and tested for calcium channel and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulating activity. The synthesised compounds were classified into two groups, based on their nitrogen monoxide donating moieties: unsaturated nitro compounds (1, 2 and 3) and nitro esters, or nitrates (4, 5 and 6). The nitrates were obtained via the reaction of hydroxyl functionalities with thionylchloride nitrate. All of the compounds synthesised exhibited significant (p < 0.01) S-nitrosylation capacity. The calcium channel activity of the polycyclic amines was evaluated using a KCl mediated fluorescent calcium flux assay.

Its structure was established by spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS).”
“Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is developing rapidly in China, but because there are not enough well-trained PD

doctors and nurses in more rural areas, this expansion is occurring mainly in larger cities. To address this imbalance, our center established a PD satellite center program across Guangdong Province, with the aim of extending the use and improving the quality of PD.

Methods: selleck chemicals Sun Yat-sen University PD center is responsible for running the satellite program. The PD satellite centers are selected using specific criteria. The full-time PD physicians and nurses in the satellite centers accept a unified training program and treatment practices, and their clinical outcomes are carefully followed by our center..

Results: The program began in January 2008, and there are now 12 PD centers from which 26 doctors and 32 nurses received PD training. Several hundred patients are now receiving PD through this program. The total number of PD patients treated by our center and the satellites increased to 1860 from 1010. The number treated in the satellite units increased to 1165 from 601. The annual dropout rate fell to 17.6% from 28.2%, and the average peritonitis incidence fell from 1 episode in 39.4 patient-months to 1 episode in 46.2 patient-months.

The 1-year patient and technique survival rates increased to 84.2% from 82.0% and to 93% from 88.7% respectively.

Conclusions: Our PD satellite center program is PS-341 cost a good model for increasing the use and improving the quality of PD in rural areas. We plan to expand this program to other parts of southern China. Perit Dial Int 2011; 31: 121-126 www.PDIConnect.com doi: 10.3747/pdi.2010.00041″
“A valuable nondestructive measurement and analysis method for determining individual excess carrier lifetimes in multilayer systems is presented.

This find protocol is particularly interesting for the characterization of crystalline silicon thin-film samples consisting of an electrically active epitaxial layer on top of a highly doped crystalline substrate. The analysis principle is based on a comparison between a measured photoluminescence intensity ratio and associated simulated radiative recombination ratios for samples with different epitaxial layer thicknesses. It benefits from the fact that for low excess carrier lifetimes within the epitaxial layer the carrier concentration in the said layer is limited by bulk recombination, while for high carrier lifetimes surface and interface recombination is dominating. In order to verify this measurement and analysis principle, results of a set of crystalline silicon thin-film samples with varying epitaxial layer thickness on a highly doped Czochralski substrate are presented.”
“Approximately 60% of all households in the United States have a pet, with about 74.8 million owning a dog and 25% having two dogs. There are approximately 88.

Materials and Methods: Electronic library search for current evidence in the world literature was conducted, and relevant articles were selected, scrutinized, and the findings were compared.

Results: Seven articles were most relevant, and the results of the comparison of the selected articles showed that demographic variable, age; operative variables: surgeon procedure type and number of teeth extracted; and ratiographic Smoothened Agonist supplier variable, depth angulation; and

root morphology, are the most consistent determinants of difficulty.

Conclusion: Current evidence is in support of 3 categoreis of variables strongly associated with surgical diffulty of impacted third molars. The most important variables in each of these categories have been identified. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons”
“Background: Knowledge gaps have contributed to Silmitasertib considerable variation (between 0 and 15 mu g/d) in international dietary recommendations for vitamin D in adolescents.

Objective: We aimed to establish the distribution of dietary vitamin D required to maintain serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations above several proposed cutoffs (25, 37.5, 40, and 50

nmol/L) during wintertime in adolescent white girls.

Design: Data (baseline and 6 mo) from 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 12-mo intervention studies in Danish (55 degrees N) and Finnish (60 degrees N) girls (n = 144; mean age: 11.3 y; mean vitamin D intake: 3.7 mu

g/d) at vitamin D(3) supplementation amounts of 0, 5, and 10 mu g/d were used. Serum 25(OH) D was measured with an HPLC assay in a centralized laboratory.

Results: Clear dose-related increments (P < 0.0001) in serum 25(OH)D with increasing supplemental vitamin D(3) were observed. The slope of the relation between vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D at the end of winter was 2.43 nmol . L(-1) . mu g intake(-1), and no difference in the slopes between Finnish and Danish girls was observed. The vitamin D intakes that maintained serum 25(OH)D concentrations at > 25, > 37.5, and > 50 nmol/L in 97.5% of the sample were 8.3, 13.5, and 18.6 mu g/d, respectively, whereas an intake selleck ALK 抑制剂 of 6.3 mu g/d maintained a serum 25(OH)D concentration > 40 nmol/L in 50% of the sample.

Conclusion: The vitamin D intakes required to ensure that adequate vitamin D status [defined variably as serum 25(OH)D > 25 and > 50 nmol/L] is maintained during winter in the vast majority (. 97.5%) of adolescent girls (mean age: 11.3 y) at northern latitudes (> 55 degrees N) are 8.3 and 18.6 mu g/d, respectively. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00267540. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93: 549-55.

Using numerical simulations, BIBF 1120 cost we show that an essential property of calretinin is a delayed equilibration with Ca2+. Therefore, the amount of Ca2+, which calretinin

can accumulate with respect to equilibrium levels, depends on stimulus conditions. Based on our simulations of buffered Ca2+ diffusion near a single Ca2+ channel or a large cluster of Ca2+ channels and previous experimental findings that 150 mu M 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy) ethane-N, N, N’, N’-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) and endogenous calretinin have similar effects on GrC excitability, we estimated the concentration of mobile calretinin in GrCs in the range of 0.7-1.2 mM. Our results suggest that this estimate can provide a starting point for further analysis. We find that calretinin prominently reduces the action potential associated increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+] (i) ) even at a distance of 30 nm from a single Ca2+ channel. In spite of a buildup of residual Ca2+, it maintains almost constant maximal [Ca2+] (i) levels during repetitive channel openings with a frequency less find more than 80 Hz. This occurs because of accelerated Ca2+ binding as calretinin binds more Ca2+. Unlike the buffering of high Ca2+ levels

within Ca2+ nano/microdomains sensed by large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, the buffering of regional Ca2+ signals by calretinin can never be mimicked by certain concentration of BAPTA under all different experimental conditions.”
“Extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of endopeptydases which recquire a zinc ion at their active site, for proteolityc activity. There are six members of the MMP family: matrilysins, collagenases, stromelysins, gelatinases, membrane MMPs and other MMPs. Activity of MMPs 4SC-202 nmr is regulated at the level of gene transcription,

mRNA stability, zymogene proteolitic activation, inhibition of an active enzyme and MMP degradation. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are main intracellular inhibitors of MMPs. Host cells can be stimulated by tumor cells to produce MMPs by secreted interleukins, interferons, growth factors and an extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). MMPs are produced by tumor cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, polimorphonuclear neutrophiles (PMNs) and endothelial cells (ECs). MMPs affect many stages of tumor development, facilitating its growth through promoting tumor cells proliferation, invasion and migration, new blood vessels formation and blocking tumor cells apoptosis. MMPs can promote tumor development in several ways. ECM degradation results in release of peptide growth factors. Growth factors linked with cell surface or binding proteins can also be liberated by MMPs. MMPs can indirectly regulate integrin signalling or cleave E-cadherins, facilitating cell migration. MMPs support metastasis inducing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). MMP also support transendothelial migration.

“
“At the present time, an update to the classical microsurgical transoral decompression is strongly provided by the most recent literature dealing with the introduction of the endoscopy in spine surgery. In this paper, we present our experience on the endoscope-assisted microsurgical transoral approach to anterior craniovertebral junction (CVJ) compressive pathology. We analysed seven patients (3 paediatrics and 4 adults ranging from 6 to 78 years) operated on for CVJ CH5424802 research buy decompressive procedures using an open access, microsurgical technique, neuronavigation and endoscopy. All techniques mentioned were simultaneously employed. Among the endoscopic routes described in the literature, we have preferred

the transoral using 30A degrees endoscopes. In all the cases endoscopy allowed a radical decompression compared to the microsurgical technique alone, as confirmed intraoperatively with contrast medium fluoroscopy. In conclusion, endoscopy represents a useful complement to the standard microsurgical approach to the anterior CVJ; it provides information for a better decompression with no need for soft palate splitting, hard palate resection, or extended MM-102 nmr maxillotomy. Moreover, intraoperative fluoroscopy helps to recognize residual compression. Virtually, in normal anatomic conditions, no surgical limitations exist for endoscopically assisted transoral approach,

compared with the pure endonasal and transcervical endoscopic approaches. In our opinion, the endoscope deserves a role as “”support”" to the standard transoral microsurgical

approach since 30A degrees angulated endoscopy significantly increases the surgical area exposed at the level of the anterior CVJ.”
“OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter infections treated with ampicillin/sulbactam were associated with the in vitro susceptibility profiles.

METHODS: Twenty-two infections were treated with ampicillin/sulbactam. The median treatment duration was 14 days (range: 3-19 days), and the median daily dose was 9 g (range: 1.5-12 g). The median time between Acinetobacter isolation and treatment learn more was 4 days (range: 0-11 days).

RESULTS: The sulbactam minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 2.0 to 32.0 mg/L, and the MIC was not associated with patient outcome, as 4 of 5 (80%) patients with a resistant infection (MIC >= 16), 5 of 10 (50%) patients with intermediate isolates (MIC of 8) and only 1 of 7 (14%) patients with susceptible isolates (MIC <= 4) survived hospitalization.

CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the need to improve the correlation between in vitro susceptibility tests and clinical outcome.”
“Background and Objectives Published prevalence figures for hepatitis E virus (HEV) reveal significant regional differences. Several studies have reported virus transmission via blood transfusion.

The epizootological factors that have influenced the wide distribution of the virus are complex,

and the variety of viruses currently circulating reflects these factors. Sequence analysis of the virus genes sheds light on the H5N1 virus evolution during its emergence and spread, but the degree Cyclosporine A of virus variation at the level of an individual infected bird has been described in only a few studies. Here, we describe some results of a study in which turkeys, ducks and chickens were infected with either one of two H5N1 or one of three H7N1 viruses, and the degree of sequence variation within an individual infected avian host was examined. We developed ‘deep amplicon’ sequence analysis for this work, and the methods and results provide a background framework for application to disease outbreaks in the field.”
“The electrical characteristics, in particular interface trap densities, oxide capacitance, and Fermi level movement, of metal oxide semiconductor capacitors with HfO2

gate dielectrics and In0.53Ga0.47As channels are investigated as a function of postdeposition annealing atmosphere. It is shown, using both conductance and Terman methods, that the Fermi level of nitrogen annealed stacks is effectively pinned at midgap. In contrast, samples annealed in forming gas show a large PHA-739358 band bending in response to an applied gate voltage and a reduced midgap interface trap density

compared to those annealed in nitrogen. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3465524]“
“Polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) composites filled with CeO2 were prepared by powder processing technique. The PTFE is used as the matrix and the loading fraction of CeO2 in the composite varied up to 0.6 volume fraction. The thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion were studied in relation to filler concentration. CHIR98014 The thermal conductivity increased and coefficient of thermal expansion decreased with increase in CeO2 content. For 0.6 volume fraction loading of the ceramic, the composite has a thermal conductivity of 3.1 W/m degrees C and coefficient of thermal expansion 19.6 ppm/degrees C. Different theoretical approaches have been employed to predict the effective thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion of composite systems and the results were compared with the experimental data. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 751-758, 2010″
“Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most widespread parasites of domestic, wild, and companion animals, and it also commonly infects humans. Toxoplasma gondii has a complex life cycle. Sexual development occurs only in the cat gut, while asexual replication occurs in many vertebrate hosts. These features combine to create an unusual population structure.

76 mu M BA and 50 g L-1 sucrose was CP-868596 optimal for microrhizome induction of C. comosa. After 12 weeks of culture, the microrhizome induction rate was 3.36 +/- A 0.44 microrhizomes/responding explant. Starch accumulation in microrhizomes increased with higher sugar concentration and with longer duration of culture. The microrhizomes were allowed

to germinate under greenhouse conditions and further developed into normal plants. The protocols established will be used for the production of uniform plantlets suitable for field plantation for the herbal industry.”
“Purpose: Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are benign vascular lesions that can cause disfigurement and functional impairment. Complete surgical resection is often difficult and intralesional injection of sclerosing agents has been proposed as an alternative to the surgery. The aim of this study was to review our experience with pingyangmycin find more (bleomycin A.) injection alone or in combination with surgery for treatment of oral and facial LMs, and to observe the histologic changes after intralesional injection of pingyangmycin.

Patients and Methods: Seventy-nine patients who received intralesional injection of pingyangmycin for the treatment of oral and facial LMs were reviewed. There were 47 males and 32 females,

at a ratio of 1 to 0.68. Age ranged from 4 months to 17 years. The sites of the lesions occurred primarily in the tongue, which was found in 37 cases, followed by cheeks in 18, involved lips in 10, parotid gland in 7, oropharynx in 5, and floor of the mouth in only 2 cases. Among them, 42 patients received GSK’872 mw pingyangmycin sclerotherapy solely, 14 patients had sclerotherapy in combination with secondary surgery, and 23 other patients had surgery with sclerotherapy. Patients had been followed up more than 6 months after the last treatment. The rating of the results was 4-graded: excellent, good, fair, and poor (based on clinical outcome). The histologic changes were observed

under microscope in 14 resected specimens after the sclerotherapy.

Results: Primary anatomic locations of 79 LMs involved the face in 25 cases, and the oral cavity in 54. Median number of injections received per child was 4.2 (range, 3 to 8). Among the 79 patients, 44 cases (55.7%) were graded as excellent, 23 cases (29.11%) as good, 10 cases (12.66%) as fair, and 2 cases (2.53%) as poor. There were fewer totally cured or near-normal appearance in the sole sclerotherapy group (42.86%) than in the surgery with the sclerotherapy group (73-91%; P <.05). In specimens resected after pingyangmycin injection, histologic examination showed the destructive lymphatic vessels and obvious stromal fibrosis.

Conclusions: Intralesional injection of pingyangmycin was effective for over two thirds of the children with oral and facial LMs. Perioperative sclerotherapy may improve the treatment of these malformations.

Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The sheath formation criterion in electronegative plasma is examined. By using a multifluid

model, it is shown that in a collisional sheath there will be upper as well as lower limits for the sheath velocity criterion. However, the parameters of the negative ions only affect the lower limit. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3475508]“
“Purpose: To evaluate the anatomy of the ulnar side of the wrist in the region of the triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) complex, with special focus on the ulnomeniscal homologue (UMH) and its relationship to surrounding structures.

Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval and informed consent were not required. Ten upper extremities were harvested from the Selleck MK-8931 nonembalmed cadavers of four GDC-0994 research buy women and six men (age range at death, 56-97 years; mean age at death, 83 years) and used according to institutional guidelines. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR arthrography

of the wrist were performed with the wrist in neutral position, maximal ulnar deviation, and maximal radial deviation by using intermediate-weighted sequences. The specimens were cut into 4-mm-thick sections that corresponded to the MR imaging planes. The gross anatomic features of the UMH and its relationship to adjacent structures were evaluated and compared with imaging findings. UMH variants, as described in previous articles on purely anatomic studies, were sought on MR images. MR findings of the wrist in neutral ABT-888 position were compared with those of the wrist in maximal ulnar and radial deviations. Histologic examination was used to further elucidate the structure of the UMH.

Results: The UMH displayed complex anatomic features because of its obliquely oriented course.

However, it could be divided into styloid, radioulnar, and collateral components and a distal insertion. The UMH variants described in previously published studies could be identified, but evaluation results were highly dependent on the wrist position at imaging.

Conclusion: The anatomy of the UMH is complex. For assessment of the UMH and the ulnar side of the TFC complex, coronal MR arthrography with the wrist in neutral position or radial deviation might be superior to standard MR imaging. (C) RSNA, 2009″
“Background: The management of recurrent urethrocutaneous fistula (RUCF) is a challenging problem that poses a serious difficulty for the hypospadias surgeon. We report here a novel technique in which a double unfurled dartos subcutaneous flap is utilized in the treatment of patients with RUCF. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all our patients who underwent surgical treatment of urethrocutaneous fistula with this new operative method after previously failed fistula repair.