Appointing TDPs in the intervention hospital to guide families during admittance and the donation decision-making process, results in find more higher family consent rates.”
“In this work, the properties of Mg(1-x)Zn(x)O thin films are investigated as an example of a protective layer material with a small bandgap in a plasma display panel, to analyze the impact of these kinds of materials on the discharge properties. Using the first principles calculation method, the electronic structure of Mg(1-x)Zn(x)O crystal is analyzed, and an analytical formula is obtained for the values of the bandgap. A

cubic structure is obtained for x between 0 and 0.625. The secondary electron emission coefficients gamma of Neon and Xenon with the Mg(1-x)Zn(x)O films are then evaluated based on Hagstrum’s theory. Selleckchem APR-246 The gamma value for Xe ions is zero, until a concentration of 0.375 is reached, when the bandgap is about 5.1 eV. At x 0.375 and beyond the condition for Auger emission by xenon ions is fulfilled, and for x>0.375

the gamma value increases continuously until a value of 0.07 is reached for x 0.625. The gamma value for Ne increases from 0.25 to 0.38 when the ZnO proportion is increased from 0 to 0.625. The discharge characteristics of the SM-PDP with Mg(1-x)Zn(x)O protective layer are then calculated using the fluid model. When increasing the x value, the working voltage is strongly reduced, while the discharge efficiency is enhanced by about 60% at 20% Xe for a change in x from 0 to 0.625. We find that this increase is mainly caused by increased electron excitation efficiency. Therefore mixed-oxide materials with a small bandgap like MgO-ZnO in principle enable the YM155 datasheet use of high xenon content plasma displays, while strongly increasing the discharge efficiency. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3585825]“
“We have recently reported that steroid avoidance or withdrawal (SAW) following renal transplantation results

in an increase in acute rejection (AR) rates but does not affect graft or patient survival. Cardiovascular risk factors were significantly reduced. It cannot be assumed that the same risks and benefits apply to nonrenal transplants and we have therefore extended this work to evaluate SAW protocols in nonrenal organ transplantation. A detailed literature search identified nine relevant studies; seven in liver, one in cardiac and one in pancreatic transplant recipients. In liver recipients no difference in AR, graft or patient survival was identified. A significant reduction in the risk of new-onset diabetes was observed with SAW, with trends towards benefits in other cardiovascular risk factors, but meta-analysis was hampered by the small number of studies and significant heterogeneity. Some benefits in cardiovascular risk factors were also identified in the cardiac and pancreatic transplant recipients, but again this evidence is of limited quality.

“
“After stage 1 palliation (S1P) with a Norwood operation, infants commonly experience growth failure during the initial interstage period. Growth failure during this high-risk period is associated with worse outcomes. This study evaluated the growth patterns of patients enrolled in the authors’ interstage home-monitoring program (HMP), which uses a multidisciplinary team approach to nutrition management.

From 2000 to 2009, 148 infants were enrolled in the HMP after S1P. Families recorded daily weights during Quisinostat solubility dmso the interstage period and alerted the interstage monitoring team about protocol violations of nutritional goals. Interstage monitoring and inpatient data from the S1P hospitalization were reviewed to identify risk factors for poor growth. Growth outcomes were compared with published norms from the Centers for Disease Control. Interstage survival for patients in the HMP was AZD2014 98 % (145/148). Growth velocity during the interstage period was 26 +/- A 8 g/day. The weight-for-age z-scores decreased from birth to discharge after S1P (-0.4 +/- A 0.9 to -1.3 +/- A 0.9; p < 0.001)

but then increased during the interstage period to the time of S2P (-0.9 +/- A 1; p < 0.001). The factors associated with improved growth during the interstage period included male gender, greater birth weight, full oral feeding at S1P discharge, and a later birth era. After S1P, infants enrolled in an HMP experienced normal growth velocity during the interstage period. Daily observation of oxygen saturation, weight change, and enteral intake together with implementation of a multidisciplinary feeding protocol is associated with excellent interstage growth and survival.”
“Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). This study was designed to determine biomarker levels in patients with PAH associated with CHD (PAH-CHD) and CHD patients without PAH and to investigate

the relationship of these potential biomarkers with hemodynamic findings. In this prospective single-center study, patients MAPK Inhibitor Library with CHD were analyzed according to the presence or absence of PAH and compared with healthy control subjects. Cardiac catheterization and echocardiographs were performed. Plasma homocysteine, asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Homocysteine and ADMA levels were higher in the PAH-CHD group (n = 30) than among CHD patients with left-to-right shunting but no PAH (n = 20; P < 0.001) and healthy control subjects (n = 20; P < 0.001). There was no difference in NO levels. Cyanotic PAH-CHD patients had significantly higher homocysteine than acyanotic patients in the same group.

With these capabilities, IWR-1-endo cell line the paper pump has the potential to become a powerful fluid-driving approach that will benefit the fielding of microfluidic systems for point-of-care applications. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/10.1063/1.4790819]“
“Microarray devices are powerful for detecting and analyzing biological targets. However, the potential of these devices may not be fully realized due to the lack of optimization of their design and implementation. In this work, we consider a microsphere-trap array device by employing microfluidic techniques and a hydrodynamic trapping mechanism. We design a novel geometric structure of the

trap array in the device, and develop a comprehensive and robust framework to optimize the values of the geometric

parameters to maximize the microsphere arrays’ packing density. We also simultaneously optimize multiple criteria, such as efficiently immobilizing a single microsphere in each trap, effectively eliminating fluidic errors such as channel clogging and multiple microspheres in a single trap, minimizing errors in subsequent imaging experiments, and easily recovering targets. We use finite element simulations to validate the trapping mechanism of the device, and to study the effects of the optimization geometric parameters. We further perform microsphere-trapping experiments using the optimized device and a device with randomly selected geometric parameters, which we denote as the un-optimized device. These experiments demonstrate easy control of the transportation and manipulation of the microspheres in Nocodazole the optimized device. They also show that the optimized device greatly outperforms the un-optimized device by increasing the packing density by a factor of two, improving the microsphere trapping efficiency from 58% to 99%, and reducing fluidic errors from 48% to a negligible level (less than 1%). The optimization framework lays the foundation for the future goal of developing a modular, reliable, efficient,

and inexpensive lab-on-a-chip system. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org.elibrary.einstein.yu.edu/10.1063/1.4793713]“
“A microfluidic device was selleck chemical successfully fabricated for the rapid serodiagnosis of amebiasis. A micro bead-based immunoassay was fabricated within integrated microfluidic chip to detect the antibody to Entamoeba histolytica in serum samples. In this assay, a recombinant fragment of C terminus of intermediate subunit of galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable lectin of Entamoeba histolytica (C-Igl, aa 603-1088) has been utilized instead of the crude antigen. This device was validated with serum samples from patients with amebiasis and showed great sensitivity. The serodiagnosis can be completed within 20 min with 2 mu l sample consumption.

Results: Magnesium increased adhesion of human synovial MSCs to collagen, and this effect was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies for integrin alpha 3 and beta 1. Magnesium also promoted synthesis of cartilage matrix during

in vitro chondrogenesis of synovial MSCs, which was diminished by neutralizing antibodies for integrin beta 1 but not for integrin alpha 3. Ex vivo analyses demonstrated that magnesium enhanced adherence of human synovial MSCs to osteochondral defects. In vivo studies in rabbits showed that magnesium promoted adherence at 1 day and cartilage formation of synovial MSCs at 2 weeks.

Conclusion: Magnesium enhanced adherence of synovial MSCs through integrins, which promoted synthesis of cartilage matrix at an early Stem Cell Compound Library clinical trial phase. (C) 2010 Osteoarthritis Research Society

International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Host range factors, expressed by the poxvirus family, determine the host tropism of species, tissue, and cell specificity. C7L family members exist in the genomes of most sequenced mammalian poxviruses, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved effort adapting to the hosts. In general, C7L orthologs influence the host tropism in mammalian cell culture, and Tipifarnib cell line for some poxviruses it is essential for the complete viral life cycle in vitro and in vivo. The C7L family members lack obvious sequence homology with any other known viral or cellular proteins. Here we review recent findings from an evolutionary perspective and summarize recent progress that broadens our view

on the role of C7L family members in mediating poxvirus host range and antagonizing the host defense system.”
“Contents

Aim of this study was to determine the intrauterine activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 after cessation of the local effect of progesterone. For this purpose, pregnancy was terminated in 10 bitches at mid-gestation with the progesterone receptor antagonist aglepristone (10 mg/kg body weight, sc, Alizine (R); Virbac, France) at two subsequent days (group IRA = induced resorption/abortion). The IRA group was divided into two subgroups (Group I, n = 5, days 25-35 of pregnancy; group II, n = 5, days 36-45). Five further bitches were introduced with beginning abortion HSP inhibitor review (group SRA = spontaneous resorption/abortion). Seven healthy bitches between day 25 and 45 of gestation served as controls. After ovariohysterectomy at the end of abortion and between days 25 and 45 of gestation, respectively, the distribution and activity of collagenases were investigated by immunohistochemistry and gelatin zymography. At placental sites, MMP-2 activity in the endometrium was significantly lower in IRA groups than in the SRA group (33.7 +/- 11.8% and 39.3 +/- 5.4% vs 52.2 +/- 10.2%, p < 0.05); however, MMP-2 expression was lowest in the control group (control: 21.4 +/- 6.3%; p < 0.01) and similarly in the myometrium (controls: 13.1 +/- 2.5%; p < 0.05).

A fluid collection around the RF

ablation area was seen in eight of the 10 noncooled kidneys on day 7 CT scans compared with two of the 10 cooled kidneys; the difference was statistically significant (P = .035). Ex vivo retrograde pyelography depicted leakage of contrast material in only the noncooled group. The mean histologic damage score was lower in the cooled group than in the noncooled group.

Conclusion: RF ablation after placement of an antegrade cooling system in pig kidneys was feasible. Antegrade cold dextrose infusion of the urinary tract during RF ablation is effective in protecting the renal collecting system without compromising the RF ablation effect.”
“Oxides RNiO3 (R – rare-earth, R not equal La) exhibit a metal-insulator LY2157299 (MI) transition at a temperature T-MI and an antiferromagnetic (AF) transition at T-N. Specific heat (C-P) and anelastic spectroscopy measurements were performed in samples of Nd1-xEuxNiO3, 0 <= x <= 0.35. For x – 0, a peak in C-P is observed upon cooling and warming at essentially the same temperature T-MI – T-N similar to 195 K, although the

cooling peak is much smaller. For x >= 0.25, differences between the cooling and warming curves are negligible, and two well defined peaks are clearly observed: one at lower temperatures that define T-N, and the other one at T-MI. An external magnetic field of 9 T had no significant effect on these results. The elastic compliance (s) and ICG-001 ic50 the reciprocal of the mechanical quality factor (Q(-1)) of NdNiO3, measured Nocodazole concentration upon warming, showed a very sharp peak at essentially the same temperature obtained from C-P, and no peak is observed upon cooling. The elastic modulus

hardens below T-MI much more sharply upon warming, while the cooling and warming curves are reproducible above T-MI. Conversely, for the sample with x – 0.35, s and Q(-1) curves are very similar upon warming and cooling. The results presented here give credence to the proposition that the MI phase transition changes from first to second order with increasing Eu doping. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3549615]“
“Nonneoplastic mucocutaneous lesions are frequent in organ transplant recipients. Many of them are caused by a direct toxicity of immunosuppressive drugs, in particular glucocorticoids and cyclosporine. The effects of these agents are dose-and time-dependent. Glucocorticoids can cause acne, Cushingoid appearance, irregular purpuric areas, friable skin, and wide and violaceous stripes. Cyclosporine can cause hypertrichosis, pilosebaceous lesions, and gum hypertrophy. Patients with esthetic changes may show poor adherence to treatment with these immunosuppressive agents that may lead to progressive graft dysfunction.

Ensuring that such mapping is undertaken and interpreted in as transparent and robust a manner as possible is therefore crucial in allowing

regulators to accurately compare the clinical and cost effectiveness of new drugs across therapeutic areas.”
“In comparison with conventional structures, nanofibrous structures PD98059 ic50 have unique characteristics, such as higher surface-to-volume ratios, smaller pores, and higher porosity. Their hydrophilic nature is a key characteristic for many applications. However, because of their high porosity, it is difficult to measure the hydrophilicity of nanofibrous structures with contact-angle measurements. Therefore, characterization through wicking behavior is more appropriate. The International Organization for Standardization norm on wicking needs some refining to account for the specific nature of highly porous nanofibrous structures. A refined method was used on several structures that differed in the fiber diameter and the polyamide type. The structures with the thickest nanofibers had the highest wicking rates. selleck chemicals llc At equilibrium, the wicking heights of structures of different polyamide types with the same average fiber diameter followed the trend expected from their intrinsic hydrophilicity. In the initial

phase, the capillary forces established the wicking behavior. Later in the process, the wicking behavior was determined by the capillary forces and the hydrophilicity. In conclusion, the hydrophilicity of nanofibrous structures can be successfully determined by an optimized wicking procedure, and the fiber diameter is the dominant parameter for the resulting wicking height at equilibrium. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 305-310, 2011″
“The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the pellet core materials

isomalt, sugar, and microcrystalline cellulose on the in vitro drug release kinetics of coated sustained-release pellets as well as to evaluate the influence of different ratios of polymethacrylate copolymers exhibiting different permeability characteristics on the drug release rate. For characterization of the drug release process of pellets, the effect of osmolality was studied using glucose as an osmotically active agent in the dissolution medium. The pellet cores were layered with diclofenac sodium as model drug and coated with different PF 00299804 ratios of Eudragit (R) RS30D and Eudragit (R) RL30D (ERS and ERL; 0:1 and 0.5:0.5 and 1:0 ratio) in a fluid bed apparatus. Physical characteristics such as mechanical strength, shape, and size proved that the inert cores were adequate for further processing. The in vitro dissolution tests were performed using a USP Apparatus I ( basket method). The results demonstrated that, besides the ratio of the coating polymers (ERS/ERL), the release mechanism was also influenced by the type of starter core used. Sugar- and isomalt-type pellet cores demonstrated similar drug release profiles.

“
“An array of hard-magnetic (CoPt)/soft-magnetic (FeCo) composite nanocable has been fabricated in the pores of porous Rho inhibitor anodic aluminum oxide templates: CoPt nanotubes were first prepared by high temperature chemical reduction method; FeCo alloy was then electrodeposited into the CoPt nanotubes. The morphology and structure of the nanocable array were

characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The magnetic measurements showed that two apparent kinks appear in the hysteresis loop after the FeCo alloy was deposited into the CoPt nanotubes, which may be attributed to the hard-magnetic phase being partly or even completely decoupled from the soft-magnetic phase. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3554199]“
“The North Carolina atmospheric plasma system (NCAPS) was interfaced with electric diagnostics and computer-based instrument control hardware and software to display plasma parameters in real-time. The monitoring system is also interfaced with gas flow controllers and a Teflon-coated thermocouple for continuous monitoring of the gas flow and the ambient temperature inside the plasma test cell. A simplified plasma

model was developed and built in the interface system to solve for the plasma electron number density and display the results during device operation. Polyethylene terephthalate ( PET) films were treated in the device using various gas combinations. The ambient gas temperature inside the test cell increases from 83 to close to 95 degrees F (28.33-35 degrees C) for most gases within 30 s, find protocol and further increases to about 105 (40.6 degrees C) after 300 s of operation, indicating a nonthermal”
“Fractal

study was used to the analysis of the fractured surface of commercial N50-type Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets. The strain-stress properties of the specimens indicate that the elastic and plastic deformations occur simultaneously during intergranual cracking. The microfractography of the specimens exhibits typical brittle fracture Rapamycin cost pattern with some toughness dimples, indicating that plastic deformation has happened in some local areas. A “”line-measuring dimension”" D(line) was selected to discuss the fracture behavior. The calculated D(line) is about 1.28 and 1.29 for the specimens with c-axis parallel and perpendicular to the applied force direction, respectively. The line-measuring dimension analysis indicates that the fracture feature may be isotropic for our studied specimens, which is a bit inconsistent with previous report on the fracture characterization of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets. More comprehensive fractal study is further needed to confirm the fracture behavior in detail in the future. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3561767]“
“PCM microcapsules containing n-eicosane were prepared by complex coacervation of silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CHI).

The three groups were compared to a control group (n = 68) to evaluate cognitive effects of the antiepileptic drugs. We examined drug effects cross-sectionally

at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. There were no significant differences in efficacy among the three AEDs. LEV caused fewer adverse events than the other AEDs. PB produced persistent negative Alvocidib cognitive side effects. LEV was associated with improved cognitive performance, specifically attention level and oral fluency items. LTG had a better effect on mood. LEV had a benign neuropsychological side effect profile, making it a cognitively safe drug to use for controlling established seizures in elderly selleckchem patients with Alzheimer’s disease. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The overall goal of this study was

to develop a rapid method based on optical imaging and spectroscopy for real time characterization of interactions of free radicals with oil in water emulsions. The method was based on encapsulation of a lipid soluble, free radical sensitive dye that transforms from a non-fluorescent to a fluorescent state upon reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Using this approach, interaction of hydroxyl radicals generated using the Fenton’s reagents in aqueous phase with free radical sensitive dye encapsulated in the oil phase of whey protein isolate (WPI) stabilized emulsion was characterized. The results based on fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy showed a linear increase in fluorescence of free radical sensitive dye during the initial time period (-30 min) of incubation with the Fenton’s reagents. The results showed a high degree of correlation between spectroscopy and quantitative fluorescence imaging measurements. Increase in fluorescence of free radical sensitive dye Bucladesine in vitro was a function of concentration of ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide. Incorporation of EDTA reduced the rate of increase in fluorescence of the dye due to the chelation of metal ions (p < 0.05). The addition of alpha-tocopherol in the lipid phase also significantly reduced the rate of increase in

fluorescence ( p 0.05). Lipid oxidation was measured to validate propagation of radicals in the oil phase of the emulsion. The results showed a positive correlation between an increase in fluorescence of the free radical sensitive dye and the level of lipid peroxidation. In summary, the method developed in this study is sensitive for real time quantitative measurement of interactions of free radicals with emulsions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Amphoteric polymer hydrogels were prepared by the copolymerization of three kinds of N,N’-dimethyll-N-alkylmethacryloxylethyl ammoniumbromide (DMAEA) with different lengths of alkyl chains (DMAEA-RB) (R-ehtyl/hexyl/dodecyl), acrylic acid (AA), and acrylamide (AM).

45 +/- 0.39 versus 1.84 +/- 0.82, respectively [p = 0.005]), but this did not correlate with functional outcome. There was no significant

difference in alignment between the two groups (178.29 degrees +/- 0.84 degrees versus 178.18 degrees +/- 0.78 degrees). At one year after surgery, there was no difference between the two groups in Insall-Salvati ratio (1.15 +/- 0.06 versus 1.12 +/- 0.06) although there was a correlation between the percentage reduction in the ratio and functional outcome. There were two Partial divisions of the patella tendon in the subluxation group, FDA-approved Drug Library but no patella-related complications in the eversion group.

Conclusions: The results of this trial showed that retracting rather than everting the patella during total knee

arthroplasty resulted in no significant clinical benefit in the early to medium term. We observed no increase. in patellar tendon shortening as a result of eversion rather than subluxation. Our findings did suggest that, with subluxation, there may be an increased risk of damage to the patellar tendon and reduced visualization of the lateral compartment, Selleck FRAX597 leading to an increase in implant malpositioning with lateral tibial overhang.”
“In this article the refraction effects in the weak shock wave (SW) dispersion on an interface with a temperature variation between two mediums are described. In the case of a finite-gradient boundary, the effect of the SW dispersion is remarkably stronger than in the case of a step change in parameters. In the former case the vertical component of velocity for the transmitted SW (the refraction effect) must be taken into account. Results of comparative calculations based on the two-dimensional model corrected for the refraction effect show significant differences in the shapes of the dispersed SW fronts.

(C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3432565]“
“Background: The slow progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could ultimately negatively impact pediatric patients during their lifespan. This Pinometostat study describes the symptomatic and pathophysiologic presentation of HCV infection in a cohort of pediatric outpatients.

Methods: HCV-positive patients were identified by diagnosis codes, from outpatient visits. Demographic and pathophysiologic indicators (comorbidities, reported symptoms, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, HCV viral load, genotype, and liver biopsy results) were collected and analyzed.

Results: We reviewed 62 patients with HCV infection who were from 3 months and 19 years of age (M +/- SD, 12.5 +/- 5.8 years). Sixty percent presented with clinical symptoms of fatigue, Joint-abdominal pain, bruising/bleeding, or other non-specific symptoms. On liver biopsy (n=35) 80% had evidence of inflammation, 57% had fibrosis, and 9% had steatosis. All patients with steatosis or cirrhosis reported symptoms. Males were significantly more likely than women to be symptomatic (58.3% vs. 41.7%, P=0.04).

Sixty-three studies were identified, across a range of primary tumour sites. The most common method of target volume analysis was simple volume measurement; this was described in 84% of the papers analysed. The concordance index type analysis was described in 30%, the centre of mass analysis in 9.5%

and the volume edge analysis in 4.8%. In reporting geometrical differences between target volumes no standard exists. However, to optimally describe geometrical changes in target volumes, simple volume change and a measure of positional change should be assessed. (C) 2010 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The electron www.selleckchem.com/products/emricasan-idn-6556-pf-03491390.html field emission (EFE) process for diamond films was tremendously enhanced by Fe-coating and post-annealing processes. Microstructural learn more analysis indicates that the mechanism for the improvement in the EFE process is the formation of nanographites with good crystallinity that surround the Fe (or Fe(3)C) nanoclusters. Presumably the nanographites were formed via the reaction of Fe clusters with diamond films, viz. by the dissolution of carbons into Fe (or Fe(3)C) clusters and the reprecipitation of carbon species to the surface of the clusters, a process similar to the growth of carbon

nanotubes via Fe clusters as catalyst. Not only is a sufficiently high post-annealing temperature (900 degrees C) required but also a highly active reducing atmosphere (NH(3)) is needed to give a proper microstructure for enhancing the EFE process. The best EFE properties are obtained by post-annealing the Fe-coated diamond films at 900 degrees C in an NH(3) environment for 5 min. The EFE behavior of the films can be turned on at E(0) = 1.9 V/mu m, attaining a large EFE current density NSC 617989 HCl of 315 mu A/cm(2)

at an applied field of 8.8 V/mu m (extrapolation using the Fowler-Nordheim model leads to J(e) = 40.7 mA/cm(2) at a 20 V/mu m applied field). (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3569887]“
“Polyethyene glycol (PEG) is widely used as a dispersing agent and can also be used to prevent the adsorption of ingredients on the surface of silica. From the XRD results, PEG that was used as the dispersing agent on the SBR/organoclay compound filled with silica and carbon black (CB) was intercalated between the organoclay layer. Additionally, the interactions with the PEG differed depending on whether 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) or N,N-dimethyldodecylamine (DDA) were used as clay modifiers. When PEG was added, the T-g of the SBR/silica/APTES-MMT compound increased through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the ether linkages of PEG and the hydroxyl groups of APTES. For the SBR/silica/DDA-MMT compound with PEG, slippage occurred between the silicate, and DDA because of the alkyl chain of DDA.