212, p=.041, d=.5) ( Fig.4). Thus, in contrast to behavioral data, hemispheric asymmetry was largest in the luteal phase. In early and late follicular women, we did not detect significant cerebral hemisphere asymmetries. Our findings provide additional evidence that fluctuations in ovarian sex hormones are involved in fluctuations in cognitive performance and further indicate that progesterone is a modulator in neuronal circuits related to attention. Using a cued spatial attention paradigm, we observed (1) significant correlations between progesterone and RTs as well as mean absolute ERP amplitude in luteal, but not in follicular

women; (2) a significant correlation between progesterone and alpha P1–N1 amplitude difference in luteal women, (3) a functional

cerebral asymmetry (right Pirfenidone research buy hemifield disadvantage) in early follicular women, and (4) a physiological hemispheric asymmetry in the alpha frequency band in the luteal women. This may indicate that an increase in progesterone enhances synchronization in the alpha frequency band and, accordingly, improves attention performance in women. Analysis of top-down modulation of visual cortical neurons at the single-unit level in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) indicates involvement of two physiologically distinct neuronal populations in attentional processing ( Mitchell et al., 2007 and Chen et al., 2008). Whereas one population belongs to pyramidal neurons, the second population includes GABAergic neurons characterized by a spontaneous resting activity of 9.4 Hz ( Mitchell et al., 2007), which is within the alpha frequency band. Enzalutamide research buy Thus, interpretation of EEG signals recorded during cued attention tasks should include activity of excitatory, pyramidal neurons and inhibitory, GABAergic neurons. The

present EEG study focused approximately on the first tenth of a second following target presentation. This temporal domain is sufficient for an early categorization process of a target ( Klimesch et al., 2007). In a top-down Loperamide attention paradigm, like the cued attention paradigm used in the present study, expectancy is a selection mechanism among sensory inputs in cortical areas. In EEG recordings, a method of extracellular recording, enhancement in excitability is reflected in an increase in negativity. In the present study, we identified in valid trials significant correlations between mean absolute ERP amplitude and RTs within the first tenth of second following target presentation. The first segment (0–80 ms) may represent an increase in excitability due to a top-down control of sensory input. Enhancement of excitability decreases the threshold for relevant or expected sensory input. The second segment (80–120 ms) includes the P1 component of the ERP. P1 as well as the P1–N1 complex may represent a synchronized synaptic input in the alpha frequency band (~10 Hz).