[41]. Aliquots of each RNA sample (2 μl)

were used to synthesise cDNA using a SuperScript III First Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen). Primer pairs were designed using OligoTech Software (Additional File 3). Gene expression was assayed using the iCycler iQ, Multicolor Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad) and iQ SYBR Green Supermix kit (Bio-Rad). Reaction conditions (20 μl volumes) were optimized by changing the primer concentration and annealing temperature to minimise primer-dimer formation and increase PCR efficiency. The following PCR profile was used: 2 min at 95°C, (95°C for 20 s, 60-63°C for 20 s, 72°C for 20 s) × 45, and 1 min at 72°C followed by recording of a melting curve. The absence of primer-dimers or accumulation of nonspecific products was checked by PCI-34051 melting-curve analysis. Each run included standard dilutions Crenolanib and negative reaction controls. The expression levels of each gene of interest and of the 18 S rRNA, which was chosen as a housekeeping

gene, were determined in parallel for each sample. Results were expressed as the ratio of the mRNA level of for each gene of interest normalised over housekeeping gene using the difference between threshold cycle values or ΔΔCt method [42, 43]. Ct values for individual target genes were calculated and the ΔCt average for the housekeeping gene was treated find more as an arbitrary constant and used to calculate ΔΔCt values for all samples. The mean fold induction for the three independent pools for each target gene was determined and the standard error of the mean was calculated. The list of primers used for the real-time PCR analysis is presented in Additional File 3. Acknowledgements The work was supported by grants from the Iranian Witches’ Broom Disease of Lime Network

(IWBDLN) and the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran. Electronic supplementary material Additional File 1: Agarose gel electrophoresis of nested PCR product from Mexican lime tree infected by “” Ca . Phytoplasma aurantifolia”" and from healthy plants. (DOC) Additional File 2: Primer sequences used for cDNA AFLP analysis. (DOC) Additional File 3: Primer sequences used for Real-Time PCR analysis. Gefitinib purchase (DOC 35 KB) References 1. Zreik L, Carle P, Bove JM, Garnier M: Characterization of the Mycoplasmalike Organism Associated with Witches-Broom Disease of Lime and Proposition of a Candidatus Taxon for the Organism, Candidatus-Phytoplasma-Aurantifolia. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1995, 45 (3) : 449–453.PubMedCrossRef 2. Cimerman A, Arnaud G, Foissac X: Stolbur phytoplasma genome survey achieved using a suppression subtractive hybridization approach with high specificity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2006, 72 (5) : 3274–3283.PubMedCrossRef 3.