5 and 34 g dry weight m− 2. The ratio between algal biomass and faunal biomass varied between 2.2 and 4.6; we found no effect of sampling or site exposure Epacadostat concentration level on these ratios. Filamentous algae were dominant during the sampling period, and constituted over 85% of the total algal biomass at all times. Each group of red, green, and brown filamentous algae was completely

dominated by one species: Ceramium tenuicorne dominated the red algae (> 99%), Pylaiella littoralis the brown algae (> 85%) and Cladophora glomerata the green algae (> 70%). Chorda filum (L.) Stackhouse and Fucus vesiculosus were of equal importance among the non-filamentous algae. Among all algal species, P. littoralis was the single dominant species at the sheltered sites on all KU-60019 cell line four sampling occasions. This species also was dominant on the first two sampling occasions at the exposed sites, with peaks in mid-April and early May ( Table 1a, Figure 4). No significant change with time or between exposure levels was seen for P. littoralis. The red alga C. tenuicorne started to increase in May along the wave-exposed sites, reaching biomasses of up to 49 g dry weight m− 2 ( Table 1a, Figure 4), which were significantly higher than on wave-sheltered shorelines (LMM, p < 0.01, Appendix). In May, C. tenuicorne accounted for approximately 55% of the standing biomass at the exposed sites and P. littoralis for around

40%. Juvenile specimens of perennial brown algae, mainly F. vesiculosus, had started to grow in the hydrolittoral zone on the first sampling occasion and increased with time at the exposed sites from 0.02 to 2.75 g dry weight m− 2. Growth was more rapid at the sheltered sites and increased from 2.4 to 5.7 g dry weight m− 2. The biomass of F. vesiculosus was significantly higher along the wave-sheltered than the wave-exposed enough shores (LMM, p < 0.05, Appendix), but the biomass did not change significantly over time. Significant differences were found in the species composition between exposed and sheltered sites. The gastropods

Bithynia tentaculata L., Radix baltica L. and Lymnaea stagnalis L., the bivalve Mya arenaria L., the crustaceans Idotea chelipes (Pallas) and Palaemon adspersus (Rathke), and the insect order Trichoptera were found only at the wave-sheltered sites. The most abundant taxa at the wave-sheltered sites were Hydrobiidae, Cardiidae and Chironomidae. The abundances of these species were significantly higher at the wave-sheltered sites (LMM, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively, Appendix). The abundance of gastropods increased over time at the sheltered sites, measured as the significant difference between the first and last sampling (LMM, p < 0.01, Appendix), while no change was observed at the exposed sites ( Table 2). There were no species that were found only at the wave-exposed sites.