5 p.c. for RCAS1 protein expression in connection with placentation as a possible target for future in vivo studies. “
“This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Transformation into cancer cells Proto-oncogene activation Mutation in the p53 protein Mutant Ras proteins enhance proliferation Aneuploidy and colorectal cancer

Tumourigenesis Angiogenesis Metastasis The immune system and cancer Immune surveillance Immunogenicity of tumour cells Recognition of transformed cells Tumour associated antigens Carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer Melanoma differentiation antigens Viral tumour associated antigens Effector molecules during tumour immune surveillance Dendritic cells modulate anti-tumour immune responses Tumour reactive T cells are activated in lymph nodes NK cell recognition – missing self NKG2D receptor on NK cells Macrophages and neutrophils phagocytose tumour cells but support tumour growth Immune cells can augment tumour growth Immune evasion PF-562271 mouse strategies Darwinian selection and tumour cell escape Cytokine environment and tumour escape Tumours have disregulated MHC expression and antigen presentation Tumour escape through Fas/FasL Summary “
“Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an intracellular pathogen able to survive and multiply within macrophages. Several mechanisms allow this bacterium to escape macrophage microbicidal activity. Mtb may interfere with the ability of mouse macrophages to produce antibactericidal nitric

oxide, by inducing Atorvastatin the expression of arginase 1 (Arg1). It remains unclear whether Topoisomerase inhibitor this pathway has a role in humans infected with Mtb. In this study, we investigated the expression of Arg1 in granulomas of human lung tissues from patients with tuberculosis. We show that Arg1 is expressed not only in granuloma-associated macrophages, but also in type II pneumocytes. Tuberculosis (TB) leads to an estimated 2 million deaths worldwide each year (WHO, 2009). The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to survive within resident and recruited lung macrophages is a

prerequisite for successful establishment of the disease in susceptible individuals. Mtb evades the host immune response by manipulating multiple host cell signaling pathways. For example, Mtb is able to survive and multiply within phagosomes, reducing its exposure to toxic antibacterial agents produced by the host. One of the most important host antimycobacterial mechanisms is the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is toxic to various intracellular pathogens, including Mtb. In mouse models of Mtb infection, it has been shown that the ability to escape NO toxicity is essential for bacterial survival (Kaufmann et al., 2005). In activated macrophages, NO is a product of l-arginine conversion of l-citrulline by inducible NO synthase (iNOS/NOS2). Besides iNOS, l-arginine is also a substrate for arginase 1 (Arg1) enzyme, which converts l-arginine into urea and l-ornithine, the precursor of polyamines.