Aliquots of 0.8 mL of 0.2 mM DPPH (Sigma-Aldrich) methanolic solution

were mixed PD0325901 molecular weight with 0.2 mL of the extract. The mixture was shaken vigorously and then left to stand for 30 minutes under low light. The absorbance was measured at 520 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV-1650PC; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The percentage of inhibition of activity was calculated as: equation(1) (A0−A1)/A0×100(A0−A1)/A0×100where A0 is the absorbance without the sample and A1 is the absorbance with the sample. Sample concentrations providing 50% inhibition (IC50) were calculated from a graph of inhibition percentage versus extract concentration. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. The 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity of the 80% ethanol extract on the heated ginseng was measured according to the method of Re et al [14], with some modifications. The ABTS radical cation was generated by adding 7 mM ABTS to 2.45 mM potassium selleck kinase inhibitor persulfate solution and leaving the mixture to stand overnight in the dark at room temperature. The ABTS radical cation solution was diluted with distilled water to obtain an absorbance of 1.4–1.5 at 735 nm. A 1 mL aliquot of diluted ABTS radical cation solution was added to 50 μL of the extract, ascorbic acid standard

solution, or distilled water. The absorbance at 735 nm was determined using a spectrophotometer (UV-1650PC; Shimadzu) after 60 minutes. The ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant activity (AEAC) was calculated as: equation(2) (ΔA/ΔAAA)×CAA(ΔA/ΔAAA)×CAAwhere ΔA is the change in absorbance after the addition of the extract, ΔAAA is the change in absorbance after

the addition of ascorbic acid standard solution, and CAA is the concentration of the ascorbic acid standard solution. The ABTS radical cation scavenging activity was expressed as the AEAC in milligrams of ascorbic acid equivalents (mg AA eq). All samples were analyzed in triplicate. The reducing power of the extracts was determined using the method described by Kong et al [15]. To each extract Nitroxoline sample of 250 μL, 250 μL of 0.2M phosphate buffer at a pH of 6.6 and 250 μL of 1% (w/v) K3Fe(CN)6 were added. The mixture was incubated at 50°C for 20 minutes, after which 10% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid (250 μL) was added to it. The resulting mixture was centrifuged at 2,220 × g for 10 minutes. The upper 500-μL layer was mixed with 500 μL of deionized water and 100 μL of 0.1% (w/v) ferric chloride, and the absorbance was measured at 700 nm using a spectrophotometer. A higher absorbance indicated a higher reducing power. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation. The significance of differences among treatment means was determined using a one-way analysis of variance with SPSS version 12 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and a significance level of p < 0.05.