Although die tossing is in principle predictable, the approach to chaotic dynamics in some limit implies that our ignorance of initial conditions is translated into a probabilistic description: each face comes up with probability 1/6. (3) As is well-known, quantum

mechanics is incompatible with determinism. However, quantum probabilities differ in an essential way from the probabilities introduced previously: it has been shown from the work of John Bell that quantum probabilities are intrinsic and cannot be given an ignorance interpretation based on a hypothetical deeper level of description. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Castleman’s disease (CD) is an uncommon entity characterized by a massive growth of lymphoid tissue. There are

two types: the hyaline-vascular (HV) type and selleck the plasma cell (PC) type. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of multiple detector computed tomography (MDCT) in the diagnosis and planning of treatment for hyaline-vascular CD.\n\nMaterials and methods: Fifty-two cases of confirmed hyaline-vascular CD were retrospectively reviewed. Unenhanced and contrast-enhanced MDCT scans had been performed in all patients, followed by surgery and pathological analysis of the lesion. Original MDCT transverse and reconstructed images were used for image interpretation. Features of the lesion and its adjacent structures were identified.\n\nResults: The lesion was present in the thorax of 24 patients and the abdomen in 28. Obvious features of hyaline-vascular CD (especially feeding vessels and draining veins) and its adjacent structures selleck kinase inhibitor were demonstrated on 52 patients.\n\nConclusion: On MDCT imaging, original MDCT transverse and reconstructed images provide an excellent tool for selleck products diagnosis of hyaline-vascular CD and have high value in the determination of a treatment plan. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has achieved its current position as the most commonly used home-based dialysis therapy-and with patient survival equal

to that seen with hemodialysis-despite the use of glucose-based dialysis solutions with high concentrations of glucose, glucose degradation products and lactate, high osmolality, and low pH, features that are harmful both for the peritoneum and the patient. Newer PD solutions with alternative buffers, a higher pH and fewer glucose degradation products, or ones that contain icodextrin or amino acids as osmotic agents, have been introduced in many countries and have been shown to improve peritoneal membrane health and viability. Icodextrin solution enhances fluid and sodium removal, and the once-daily use of icodextrin and/or amino acid solutions can lessen the harmful effects caused by the exposure of the peritoneal membrane to glucose. However, whether the newer PD solutions improve patient survival over the older solutions is not clear.