Among his seminal contributions to setting research paradigms in memory, he introduced

what would later be called “nonsense syllables”; today they are often termed consonant-vowelconsonant (CVC) trigrams. This methodology helped identify language-free learning MG 132 characteristics (although it was later found that people do assign meaning to nonsense syllables). The work carried out in the tradition of Ebbinghaus (see 7) has helped shape our understanding of memory, especially more complex verbal and associative memory. For example, it has established the distinction between recognition and recall8 indices of memory, the former relating to the ability to judge whether Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the present Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical stimulus (or experience) is “old” or “new” and the latter to the ability to recount the details of the stimulus. They investigated the veracity and distortions of memory traces and uncovered interference effects such as retroactive and proactive inhibition of memory associated with interfering events. Dimensions of memory The study of

memory has been characterized by evolving conceptions and methodologies in which competing distinctions have been Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical emphasized over the years. The initial emphasis has been on associative learning and memory and the competing and, eventually, complementary paradigms of classical and operant conditioning have yielded information on the conditions and time course of the ability of organisms to learn new associations and retrieve acquired information. These initial efforts were developed without much attention to the neurological

or neuropsychological literature Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical on memory. The young and ambitious science of behavior was firmly convinced that behavioral science could be erected without reference to its physical organ, the brain. Physiological measures were obtained as proxies for arousal, but theories did not consider neuroscience evidence as being of much relevance Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to the theoretical articulation of memory. This situation has changed with advances in clinical and basic neuroscience. Clinical neuroscience has presented a series of highly informative cases and increased sophistication in documenting clinical-pathological correlations in routine cases. For example, the case of HM, who underwent bi-hippocampal oxyclozanide dissection and lost the ability to learn new information while retaining memories acquired prior to surgery, brought into sharp focus the role of the hippocampus in new learning.9, 10 Studies of patient populations with memory deficits related to seizure disorders, dementing disorders, and substance-use disorders have further identified distinct networks related to aspects of memory. At the same time, the advent of neuroimaging has opened up new avenues for probing memory processes in healthy and clinical populations.