e., Hunter, Yerseke, Den Haag, and Osaka) presented strong binding to A and B antigens, suggesting that the GII.4 evolution could be related to an increased affinity for HBGAs for the post-2002 variants. The combination of increased affinity for ABH antigens and of a newly acquired ability to recognize glycans from Lewis-positive nonsecretors could have contributed to the epidemiological importance of strains such as the Den Haag GII.4 subtype.”
“Recent advances in neurobiology have emphasized the study of brain structure and function and its
association with numerous pathological and toxicological events. Neurotransmitters are substances that relay, amplify, and modulate electrical signals between neurons and other cells. Neurotransmitter signaling mediates rapid intercellular communication by interacting with cell surface receptors, activating second messenger CHIR98014 mouse systems and regulating the activity of ion channels.
Changes in the functional balance of neurotransmitters have been implicated in the failure of central nervous system function. In addition, abnormalities in neurotransmitter production or functioning can be induced by several toxicological compounds, many of which are found in the environment. The zebrafish has been increasingly used as an animal model for biomedical research, primarily due to its genetic tractability and ease of maintenance. These features SCH727965 nmr make this species a versatile tool for pre-clinical drug discovery and toxicological investigations. Here, we present a review regarding the role of different excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish, such as dopaminergic, PLEKHB2 serotoninergic, cholinergic, purinergic, histaminergic, nitrergic, glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic systems, and emphasizing their features as pharmacological and toxicological
targets. The increase in the global knowledge of neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish and the elucidation of their pharmacological and toxicological aspects may lead to new strategies and appropriate research priorities to offer insights for biomedical and environmental research. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Infection of mice with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) provides a convenient experimental pathogenesis model in a natural host for a human respiratory syncytial virus-related virus. Extending our previous work showing that the PVM nonstructural (NS) proteins were pathogenicity factors in mice, we identify both the NS1 and NS2 proteins as antagonists of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-lambda by use of recombinant PVM (rPVM) with single and combined deletions of the NS proteins (Delta NS1, Delta NS2, and Delta NS1 Delta NS2). Wild-type and NS deletion PVMs were evaluated for growth and pathogenesis by infecting knockout mice that lack functional receptors to IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-lambda, or both.