Figure 4A illustrates the responses Apoptosis inhibitor to slow-moving spots (200 μm/s) measured in control conditions, illustrating the preferred direction toward the temporal pole. Remarkably, responses in this cell remained DS after the cocktail of antagonists was applied (Figure 4B). Although less robust than control DS responses,

spike rates in the preferred direction were more than double those evoked in the null direction (Figure 4C; control DSI: 0.64 ± 0.07 and 0.63 ± 0.09 for ON and OFF responses, respectively; DSI in blockers: 0.40 ± 0.06 and 0.35 ± 0.04 for ON and OFF responses, respectively; p < 0.05 for both ON and OFF; n = 11). In addition, the direction of the preferred response was always maintained (Figure 4D; average deviation of the preferred direction was −20° ±

10° compared to control for ON responses and −1° ± 17° for OFF responses; p > 0.2, Moore’s paired-sample test). Together, these results demonstrate a form of directional selectivity that does not critically rely upon, but is in alignment with, the classic inhibitory DS Ribociclib mw circuitry. The DS responses observed in the presence of GABAA receptor blockers were surprising considering the abundant literature supporting a critical role for inhibition in mediating directional selectivity (Wyatt and Day, 1976, Caldwell et al., 1978 and Taylor and Vaney, 2002). Even in previous studies where directionally selective responses were detectable under saturating concentrations of inhibitory blockers, they were relatively mild (Smith et al., 1996 and Grzywacz et al., 1997).

Because we had performed our initial experiments at relatively slow stimulus speeds, we next tested the effects of varying speed on DSI, in an attempt to reconcile our findings with previous work. In control conditions, increasing the stimulus speed resulted in an click here increased spike rate for null and preferred stimuli and led to a mild decrease in DSI at the high range of speeds tested (100–2400 μm/s; Figure 5A). Application of the cocktail of antagonists augmented spiking responses for both preferred and null directions, though null-direction responses tended to show much greater augmentation, confirming that inhibitory circuit mechanisms usually suppressed these responses (data not shown). In the presence of blockers, at the slower speeds, null-direction responses always remained lower than those elicited in the preferred direction, and consequently, responses remained DS (Figure 5B). However, as the stimulus speed was increased, DSI declined. By 1000 μm/s, directional selectivity was weak and only detected in a few cells, but on average was not statistically significant (ON DSI: 0.50 ± 0.08 in control compared to 0.05 ± 0.02 in blockers; p < 0.005; OFF DSI: 0.57 ± 0.07 compared to 0.06 ± 0.09 in blockers; p < 0.005; n = 11). At speeds higher than 1000 μm/s, DS responses were never observed.