Figure S2. Gating strategy for identification of B cells and monocytes. Doublets were excluded by FSC-H versus FSC-A and viable

cells were selected on the basis of exclusion of live/dead aqua. B cells were identified Palbociclib research buy as CD19+SSClow and monocytes as CD14+SSCmid. CD1d expression was determined by MFI of the PE channel and specificity determined by fluorescence minus one with isotype control antibody controls. Figure S3. Example of human CD1d expression on EBV-B cells after transfection. EBV-B cells were identified on the basis of size (FSC vs SSC) and dead cell excluded with the use of a viability dye, human CD1d was detected at the cell surface with a fluorescent antibody. “
“Our objective was to study the alterations of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in HIV-infected SPs and to examine the role of Tregs in the disease progression of HIV. The proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in peripheral blood of 24 SPs, 30 asymptomatic HIV-infected patients, 20 AIDS patients, and 16 non-infected controls was quantified using flow cytometry. HIV Gag peptide mix-induced IFN-γ expression in CD8+ T cells in whole and CD25-depleted PBMCs was examined to evaluate the function of Tregs. The expression of CTLA-4 in Tregs was also detected to measure the suppressive effect of Tregs. HLA-DR and CD38 expression were measured to study the relationship between the frequency of Tregs

and immune activation of HIV-infected patients. The frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in SPs was lower than in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients, AIDS patients, and normal controls (P < 0.05). Tregs in SPs showed lower intracellular CTLA-4 Kinase Inhibitor Library high throughput expression than those of asymptomatic HIV-infected patients and AIDS patients (P < 0.05). The frequency of Tregs significantly correlated with the percentage

of CD38 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the CD4+ T cell count was the strongest independent factor correlated with the absolute count of Tregs, while viral load had the Sodium butyrate strongest predictive strength on the proportion of Tregs. We conclude that a lower frequency of Tregs and intracellular CTLA-4 expression of Tregs was one of the characteristics of SPs that may have important clinical impacts for the prediction of the clinical progress of HIV infection. Regulatory T cells play crucial roles in immune regulation and have been reported to suppress effector T cell responses in chronic infections, including retroviral infections (1, 2). Several studies have examined the role of Tregs in HIV pathology, although whether Tregs enhance or inhibit disease progression is still a matter of debate (3–9). Two nonexclusive roles have been attributed to Tregs: a detrimental effect mediated through the impairment of HIV-specific responses, and a beneficial effect through the suppression of chronic immune activation that has been correlated with progression of HIV to AIDS (10).