For the MNR locus, alleles referred to the MNR size, similar to the SSR loci, as no sequence variation was obtained in the flanking regions of the MNR. An additional allele was counted where there was no amplification product. The data for all genotypes were scored as present (“1”) or absent (“0”) for each allele at a specific locus. Diversity index was calculated as 1 – ∑P2 ij , where P ij is the frequency of the jth allele at the ith locus. Genetic relationships were inferred among strains based on the variation data. SAS software was used to calculate the Nei coefficient of association and to generate the corresponding

matrix (SAS system for Windows, version 9.02; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). The matrix was used to create dendograms based on the UPGMA using MEGA 4.0 software [54]. Bootstrap confidence values were based on 1,000 simulated dendrograms. Acknowledgements We are grateful selleck inhibitor to Nestec Company (Nestec Ltd., Nestle Research Center Lausanne, P.O. Box 44, CH-1000 Lausanne 26) for providing L. johnsonii strains, as well as to Haifa zoo, Haifa university (Oranim campus), and Hayogev and Ramat Yohanan framers for their co-operation in the feces sampling. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Origin of samples Tipifarnib research buy collected from 104 animal https://www.selleckchem.com/products/17-AAG(Geldanamycin).html hosts.

(PDF 90 KB) Additional file 2: Primers and their annealing temperatures. (PDF 13 KB) Additional file 3: tRFLP patterns of selected fecal LAB populations obtained from three representative animal hosts. Bacteria were grown on m-Enterococcus agar. Fluorescent-labeled DNA fragments were

analyzed by ABI 3130 genetic analyzer. The size of specific fragments is indicated in bp. The owl sample is a pellet sample. (PDF 120 KB) References 1. Costello EK, Lauber Megestrol Acetate CL, Hamady M, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R: Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science 2009, 326:1694-1697.PubMedCrossRef 2. Dethlefsen L, McFall-Ngai M, Relman DA: An ecological and evolutionary perspective on human-microbe mutualism and disease. Nature 2007, 449:811-818.PubMedCrossRef 3. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, Purdom E, Dethlefsen L, Sargent M, Gill SR, Nelson KE, Relman DA: Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005, 308:1635-1638.PubMedCrossRef 4. Ley RE, Hamady M, Lozupone C, Turnbaugh PJ, Ramey RR, Bircher JS, Schlegel ML, Tucker TA, Schrenzel MD, Knight R, et al.: Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science 2008, 320:1647-1651.PubMedCrossRef 5. Mshvildadze M, Neu J, Mai V: Intestinal microbiota development in the premature neonate: establishment of a lasting commensal relationship? Nutr Rev 2008, 66:658-663.PubMedCrossRef 6. Turnbaugh PJ, Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Knight R, Gordon JI: The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: a metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci Transl Med 2009, 1:6-14.CrossRef 7. Benson AK, Kelly SA, Legge R, Ma F, Low SJ, Kim J, Zhang M, Oh PL, Nehrenberg D, Hua K, et al.