Functional psychoses are divided into reactive24,28 and endogenous32 with the delusional psychoses33-36 in between. Endogenous psychoses are divided into affective (including manic Cyclopamine order depressive illness, pure melancholia, pure mania, pure depressions, and pure euphorias), cycloid, and schizophrenic, with the latter being divided into unsystematic (cataphasia, affect-laden paraphrenia, and periodic catatonia) and systematic (paraphrenias [ie, phonemic, hypochondriacal, confabulatory, grandiose,

fantastic, and incoherent], hebephrenias [ie, autistic, eccentric, shallow, and silly], and catatonias [ie, paraldnetic, proskinetic, speech prompt, speech Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical inactive, manneristic, and negativistic]).32 Psychosis in consensus-based classifications Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical To overcome the difficulties created by using different diagnostic criteria, for the same diagnostic terms by different schools of psychiatry and in different

cultures and language areas, consensus-based classifications were developed by the World Health Organization (WHO)37-39 and the American Psychiatric Association (APA).40-44 A consensus-based classification is a set of diagnostic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical formulations agreed upon by a body of experienced and well-informed psychiatrists.“45 DSM-I The first consensus-based classification with a description of diagnostic terms was the first edition of the APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I) published in 1952.40 It was based on Adolf Meyer’s46 psychobiological view Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that mental disorders represent reactions of the personality to social, psychological, and biological factors, and that psychoses are whole reactions, unlike the other psychiatric disorders, which are only part reactions:47,48 Mental disorders in DSM-I are divided into two – or three with the inclusion of mental deficiency – classes of illness: Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (i) organic disorders, caused by or associated almost with impairment of

brain tissue function; and (ii) disorders of psychogenic origin or without clearly defined physical cause or structural changes in the brain. Psychotic disorders, including involutional, affective (manic depressive reactions and psychotic depressive reactions), schizophrenic, and paranoid reactions, are one of the five categories in the second class. In DSM-I,40 psychotic disorders are defined as diseases characterized by personality disintegration, failure to test and evaluate correctly external reality, and inability to relate effectively to people or work. In affective reactions, the psychosis is characterized by severe mood disturbance, with the mood alterations of thought and behavior in consonance with affect.