In conclusion, low CRF-R activation during lactation is an essential prerequisite for the adequate occurrence of maternal behaviour. “
“Neuropeptide

S (NPS) regulates various biological functions by selectively activating the NPS receptor (NPSR). Recently, epidemiological studies revealed an association between NPSR single nucleotide polymorphisms and susceptibility to panic disorders. Here we investigated the effects of NPS in mice subjected to the elevated T maze (ETM), an assay which has been proposed to model anxiety and panic. Diazepam [1 mg/kg, www.selleckchem.com/products/Staurosporine.html intraperitoneally (i.p.)] elicited clear anxiolytic effects reducing the latency to emerge from the closed to the open (CO) arm without modifying the latencies from the open to the closed (OC) arm. By contrast, chronic fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p., once a day for 21 days) selectively increased OC latency, suggesting a panicolytic-like effect. NPS given intracerebroventricularly at 0.001–1 nmol elicited both anxiolytic- and panicolytic-like effects. However, although the NPS anxiolytic dose–response curve displayed the classical sigmoidal shape, the dose–response HDAC inhibitor review curve of the putative panicolytic-like effect was bell shaped with

peak effect at 0.01 nmol. The behaviour of wild-type [NPSR(+/+)] and receptor knock out [NPSR(−/−)] mice in the ETM task was superimposable. NPS at 0.01 nmol elicited anxiolytic- and panicolytic-like effects in NPSR(+/+) but not in NPSR(−/−) mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that NPS, via selective activation of the NPSR, promotes both anxiolytic- and panicolytic-like actions in the mouse ETM. “
“The role for phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase [p-p38(MAPK)] in β-amyloid plaque deposition [a hallmark of Alzheimer’s

disease (AD) pathology] remains ambiguous. We combined immunohistochemistry and stereological sampling to quantify the distribution of plaques and p-p38(MAPK)-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the sensorimotor cortex of 3-, 6- and 10-month-old TgCRND8 mice. The PTK6 aggressive nature of the AD-related human amyloid-β protein precursor expressed in these mice was confirmed by the appearance of both dense-core (thioflavin-S-positive) and diffuse plaques, even in the youngest mice. p-p38(MAPK)-IR cells of the sensorimotor cortex were predominantly co-immunoreactive for the Macrophage-1 (CD11b/CD18) microglial marker. These p-p38(MAPK)-IR microglia were associated with both dense-core and diffuse plaques, but the expected age-dependent increase in the density of plaque-associated p-p38(MAPK)-IR microglia was restricted to dense-core plaques. Furthermore, the density of dense-core plaque-associated p-p38(MAPK)-IR microglia was inversely correlated with the size of the core within the given plaque, which supports a role for these microglia in restricting core growth.