In contrast, the ∆mamX sample had a wasp-waist hysteresis loop; and its FORCs diagram slightly expanded in the horizontal distribution, but strongly intersected

with the H b axis with the peak coercivity reducing to ~2 mT. These features indicated an increased heterogeneity in microcoercivity (i.e., crystal size, morphology, and/or crystallinity) and a larger portion of superparamagnetic particles than in the WT sample [21, 22]. The CmamX sample had Stoner-Wohlfarth-type hysteresis loop with the M rs/M s value being 0.45; its FORC diagram was characterized by a set of closed contours concentrated around the peak coercivity of ~16 mT narrowly along the horizontal axis. These features, see more similar to click here whole-cell samples of other MTB [22–24], were typical behaviors of a randomly oriented array of

non-interacting uniaxial single-domain particles [25, 26]. The stronger magnetic properties (e.g., higher values of B c, B cr and M rs/M s) exhibited by CmamX than WT, associated with better CHIR-99021 manufacturer magnetosome formation like larger crystal size (Table 1) and/or higher crystallinity within the former than the later, was probably due to the over expression of MamX. This result, consistent with our previous study on C_ftsZ-like strain of MSR-1 [18], further demonstrated that the mamX play a role in controlling the crystal size and/or crystallinity of magnetosomes within MSR-1. Figure 4 Measurements of magnetism in deferent cells. (A):WT, (B): ΔmamX and (C): CmamX. Left: room-temperature hysteresis loops. Right: FORCs diagrams. mamXY gene transcription levels were affected by mamX deletion mamXY gene transcription levels were evaluated in the three strains. In WT, each of the four genes (mamY, mamX, mamZ, and ftsZ-like) in the mamXY operon showed high transcription levels from 12 to 18 hr in absolute qPCR assay (Figure 5).

This period corresponds to the log phase of growth, which is the period of rapid cell growth and magnetosome synthesis. The transcription level of mamZ was much higher than those of the other three genes at each of the four time points (Figure 5); i.e., the level Methane monooxygenase of mamZ was 3–6 times that of mamY, 4–11 times that of mamX, and 10–36 times that of ftsZ-like (Table 2). These findings suggest that the MamZ protein plays a crucial role during cell growth. Figure 5 Absolute qPCR results for transcription levels of the four genes ( mamY , mamX , mamZ , ftsZ-like ) in the mamXY operon in WT. Each of the genes had a high transcription level from 12 to 18 hr, corresponding to the log phase of growth. The transcription level of mamZ was much higher than those of the other three genes at all four sampling times. *, 1/3 of original transcription level of mamZ in the figure was showed for better display of the other gene transcriptions.