Indeed, as the subtle nuances of the intimate developmental relationships between T cell subsets continue to emerge [23,24] it becomes apparent that Tregs are not equally suppressive of all subsets or the functions thereof. In fact, in certain circumstances Tregs can promote and potentially stabilize the Th17 developmental programme [6], thus fully warranting their description as ‘regulatory’ Gemcitabine rather than simply ‘suppressor’ cells. It appears

that FoxP3 can protect against pathology at various levels. Technological advances, in particular the generation of FoxP3 and RORγt reporter mice [15,25], have provided greater finesse, allowing the unequivocal identification of iTregs[26–28] and dissection of the lineage relationships between iTregs and Th17 cells [5]. These experiments therefore identified the possibility that ‘suppression’ could not only be mediated via the action of established Tregs on responder cells, but could also operate at the level of lineage commitment. Mice with conditional cell-specific deficiencies in targeted elements of the suppressive machinery used by Tregs are now allowing the relative importance of these elements to be addressed with increased precision [29–31]. For example, FoxP3 can interact directly with elements involved in both Th17 (RORγt) and Th2 interferon regulatory factor-4 (Irf-4) lineage commitment

[25,32]. Thus FoxP3 can act to suppress inflammation directly, by physically preventing the activation of proinflammatory programmes in the cell in which it is expressed. The TCR repertoire of Tregs is BMS-907351 solubility dmso thought to be enriched for self-reactive TCRs [33]. Therefore,

Tregs may represent a significant pool of autoreactive cells if they were able to gain proinflammatory effector function. Bearing this in mind, it is unclear whether the pathologies seen Cisplatin in the scurfy mutant or FoxP3 knock-out mouse reflect a gain of effector function by ‘Tregs’ expressing non-functional FoxP3 or from the activation of self-reactive naive T cells from the FoxP3– peripheral repertoire. Selective depletion of FoxP3-expressing cells can be achieved by administering diphtheria toxin to mice engineered to express the human diphtheria toxin receptor in FoxP3+ cells [34]. Treg depletion via this system induced the rapid onset of fatal autoimmune disease, indicating that autoaggressive T cells arising from the FoxP3– pool are sufficient to recapitulate the scurfy phenotype. However, other studies have indicated that there is also pathogenic potential within the Treg compartment. FoxP3 function is not binary in nature, and Tregs expressing an attenuated level of FoxP3 were found to display a reduced expression of Treg‘signature’ genes and an increased propensity to differentiate into Th2 effectors [35].