jararaca. This study was supported by FAPESP (Project 2008/028990-2) and INCTTOX-CNPq.

A. Kuniyoshi was recipient of the Secretaria do Estado da Saude fellowship (PAP program). “
“Social wasps, belonging to the Vespidae family, are known stingers of the Hymenoptera order, and are divided into two PD0332991 nmr subfamilies: Vespinae, typical of temperate areas, and Polistinae, from tropical areas (Richards, 1978). They possess highly toxic venom, rich in enzymes, biogenic amines and biologically active peptides (Habermann, 1972 and Nakajima, 1986), with predominantly neurotoxic, algesic, cytotoxic, haemolytic, hemorrhagic and allergenic pharmacological activities (Ho and Ko, 1998 and Mortari et al., 2005). Social wasps, like many other venomous animals, use their venom either to capture prey or for defense, and their venoms are able to kill small vertebrates, insects and, as a consequence of multiple stings, even large vertebrates (Piek and Spanjer, 1986). The Vespidae species are important venomous animals endangering human life, causing fatalities in serious envenoming cases. In Brazil, accidents with wasps and bees are clustered into a single group by the agency responsible for the

control of accidents (SINITOX) and have been considered an important public health problem (Brigatte et al., 2011). Social wasp stings can cause local reactions (such as wheal, pain, oedema and swelling), immunological reactions usually leading to anaphylaxis with subsequent anaphylactic PR-171 order shock, and systemic toxic reactions caused by large venom doses (Evans and Summers, 1986, Sakhuja et al., 1988, Watemberg et al., 1995, Chao and Lee, 1999, Chen et al., 2004 and Ellis and Day, 2005). Even with these described effects, social wasps have been increasingly used as a biological pest control because of the economic advantages and low environmental risks in relation to chemical pesticides. Moreover, most of wasps

are important predators of many agricultural pests, thus representing an important agent for natural control (Prezoto, 1999). Rabb and Lawson (1957) found 68% reduction in the damage caused by Protoparcesexta in a tobacco culture in North Carolina (USA), after the introduction of Polistes fuscatus and Polistes exclamans wasp colonies near Cobimetinib in vitro the farms infested by pests. Reis et al. (2006) emphasize that predatory wasps play a significant role in natural biological control. Some wasps, such as Polybia paulista, Polybia occidentalis, Polybia scutellaris and Synoeca cyanea, are efficient predators of the coffee-leaf-miner, Leucoptera coffeella ( Gravena, 1983). In this context, it is extremely important to know the different wasp venom effects because dangerous accidents involving wasp stings can commonly happen with people around ( Mortari et al., 2005). The Synoeca genus, a small genus of the paper wasp tribe Epiponini, contains five species (Synoeca chalibea, Synoeca surinama, Synoeca virginea, Synoeca septentrionalis and S.