Lineage designation for phylogenetic dendrograms of G1, G2, G9 and G12 strains were based on those reported in previous studies [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41] and [42]. Complete nucleotide sequences of VP7 gene of the strains detected during this

study were submitted to the GenBank database under the accession numbers: KF723263–KF723287 [KF723263–KF723268 (G1); KF723269–KF723275 (G2); KF723276–KF723283 (G9); KF723284–KF723287 (G12)]. Among the 830 fecal samples from hospitalized children and 1000 samples from OPD cases, 443 (53.4%) and 475 (47.5%), respectively, were positive for RVAs (Table 1). A distinct seasonal variation in rotavirus

incidence was observed in both hospitalized and OPD #Libraries randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# cases, with low Z-VAD-FMK research buy levels of positivity (10–25%) throughout the year (November–February: Winter season; March–June: Summer season; July–October: Rainy season), and the peak in incidence (70–80%) during winter season (December–February) (Fig. 1A and B). Monthwise genotype variation was also analyzed though no correlation between seasonality and increased frequency of particular genotype was observed (Fig. 1). In hospitalized children, G9 strains were observed at 25–55% frequency (Fig. 1A) whereas 10–45% incidence rate was observed in OPD children throughout the study period (Fig. 1B). Sodium butyrate G2 was observed at 10-55% frequency in hospitalized (Fig. 1A) and at 30–55% frequency among OPD children (Fig. 1B). G1 and G12 were observed at 10–40% and 0–20% frequency in both hospitalized and OPD children (Fig. 1A and B). In both the severe or mild diarrhea cases, the maximum number of rotavirus positivity was found in the age group of 6–12 months followed by 12–24months of children (Fig. 2). Rotavirus genotypes were detected by multiplex semi-nested PCR method using G–P type specific primers and confirmed by full length sequencing of the VP7 genes and partial sequencing of the VP4 genes of strains representing different genotypes. Among 443 RVA positive samples from

hospitalized children (<5 years), G9 in conjunction with P[4] and P[8], was most prevalent (40%), followed by G2P[4] (39.6%). G1P[8] and G12 genotype combined with P[8]/P[4]/P[6] were 16.4% and 5.6%, respectively. Other lesser common genotypes such as G1P[6], G2P[6], G2P[8], G4P[8] were observed at low frequencies (Table 2A). Among 475 rotavirus positive cases from the OPD, the most prevalent strain was G2 in combination with P[4] (40.3%), followed by G1P[8] and G9 combined with P[4]/P[8] genotypes at 25.5% and 22.8%, respectively. G12 strains with either P[6] or P[8] genotypes occurred at 9.3%. Other uncommon strains like G1P[4], G1P[6], G2P[8] were also detected at low frequency (Table 2B).