Meanwhile, the anti-cSipC IgG titer in the LCFS-immunized group was less than that in the LCSF-immunized group, although the difference was not statistically significant. Taken together, epitopes Onalespib datasheet that were present on the outside part of the epitope on the bacterial cell could be easily recognized by immune cells and elicit IgG production. It is generally known that analysis of the IgG subclass helps to determine the tendency of Th1- and Th2-type responses. In particular, induction of IgG1 represent a Th2-type response while the production of IgG2a indicates Th1-type. In this study, the IgG1/2a ratios of anti-FliC and anti-cSipC IgG were determined. The analysis of

antibodies, especially anti-cSipC IgG, showed that immunization with soluble antigens resulted http://www.selleckchem.com/PD-1-PD-L1.html in a relatively higher IgG1/2a ratio, while immunization with antigens exposed on the surfaces of L. casei exhibited a relatively lower IgG1/2a ratio. This evidence suggested that the immune responses evoked by soluble antigens were Th2 dominant but L. casei associated antigens tended to induce Th1. Cunningham et al. reported previously that

the responses to soluble FliC are Th2, while those to FliC on Salmonella are Th1 [27]. Although the host bacteria and the structure of the flagellar antigen are different, the present data may support their result. The Th1 shift might be provided by the nature of Lactobacillus strains because there is a large body of evidence that indicates their property of inducing Th1-type responses [28], [29], [30] and [31]. In contrast, previous studies reported different types of immune responses induced by commensal bacteria expressing

tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC). Medaglini et al. demonstrated that the IgG1 subclass was predominant after parenteral immunization with recombinant Streptococcus gordonii with TTFC exposed on the cell-surface [32]; a similar result was Resminostat shown by Grangette et al. using Lactobacillus plantarum producing TTFC intracellularly [33]. In the present study, unlike anti-cSipC IgG, the IgG1/2a ratio of anti-FliC induced by recombinant L. casei did not always show a clear Th1 shift. This evidence suggested that the antigens expressed by recombinant bacteria could have a significant influence on Th1/Th2 dominance as well. Controlling the Th1/Th2 balance is important to confer proper immunity, although it is rarely understood how recombinant lactobacilli expressing heterologous antigens induce immune responses. Hence, elaborate studies are required to develop vaccines based on Lactobacillus strains. The profiling of cytokine production by ex vivo re-stimulation of spleen cells showed significant differences with the group immunized with LCFS. By stimulation with FliC, the spleen cells released greater amounts of Th1-type cytokines, such as IL-2, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ.