Relevant examples are presented in Figure 3. The DOC and POC profiles show a steady decrease in concentrations from the surface to the sub-halocline water layer. The highest levels of both DOC and POC in the surface layer are caused by intensive primary production. The POC concentration peaks at 60 m depth (Gdańsk Deep and Gotland Deep, Figure 3) are caused by the density gradient in the halocline; organic-rich suspended matter falls at a slower rate in this layer, hence the higher POC concentrations there. Just above the bottom the DOC concentration increases slightly (Gdańsk Deep, Figure 3a). This may be caused Trametinib order by decomposition of POC residing on the sediment surface (Pempkowiak et al., 1984 and Leipe et al., 2011),

and/or by the diffusion of DOC from interstitial water (Kuliński & Pempkowiak 2011). The highest concentration of DOC recorded in the vertical profile of the Gdańsk Deep, may be due to the proximity of the

Vistula river mouth. The highest POC concentration in the surface layer over the Gotland Deep can be attributed to the very recent phytoplankton bloom. The result is substantiated by the DOC concentrations that are still rather low there and the steep downward gradient of POC concentrations. The seasonal average (growing and non-growing seasons) DOC and POC concentrations are presented in Table 4. Concentrations of both DOC and POC in the growing season are much higher than in the non-growing season at each of the sampling stations. This can be attributed to intensive E7080 primary production caused by high phytoplankton activity related to high concentrations of nutrients from different sources (river run-off and atmospheric deposition), elevated temperature and abundant solar radiation (Stedmon et al., 2007, Segar, 2012 and Maric et al., 2013) This is in agreement with the results of earlier studies indicating phytoplankton as the most important source of organic cAMP carbon in seawater (Hagström et al., 2001 and Dzierzbicka-Głowacka et al., 2010). Other factors may also influence DOC and POC concentrations. These include

the sloppy feeding of zooplankton or river runoff (Kuliński & Pempkowiak 2008). The lowest average concentration of DOC and POC noted in the Gotland Deep in the growing season (compared to the Gdańsk Deep and the Bornholm Deep) may be due to the already mentioned different geographical position (northernmost) leading to a later start of the growing season. The differences between the study areas proved to be statistically significant in the growing period (Table 3; DOC: p = 0.003, POC: p = 0.02), in contrast to the non-growing period, when the differences were statistically insignificant (DOC: p = 0.285 > 0.05, POC: p = 0.403 > 0.05). This substantiates the overall conclusion that a pool of resistant organic substances occurs in the southern Baltic (average values for non- growing season are: surface DOC ~ 4.4 mg dm− 3, sub-halocline DOC ~ 3.7 mg dm− 3; surface POC ~ 0.3 mg dm− 3, sub-halocline POC ~ 0.