Sixty-three studies were identified, across a range of primary tumour sites. The most common method of target volume analysis was simple volume measurement; this was described in 84% of the papers analysed. The concordance index type analysis was described in 30%, the centre of mass analysis in 9.5%

and the volume edge analysis in 4.8%. In reporting geometrical differences between target volumes no standard exists. However, to optimally describe geometrical changes in target volumes, simple volume change and a measure of positional change should be assessed. (C) 2010 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The electron www.selleckchem.com/products/emricasan-idn-6556-pf-03491390.html field emission (EFE) process for diamond films was tremendously enhanced by Fe-coating and post-annealing processes. Microstructural learn more analysis indicates that the mechanism for the improvement in the EFE process is the formation of nanographites with good crystallinity that surround the Fe (or Fe(3)C) nanoclusters. Presumably the nanographites were formed via the reaction of Fe clusters with diamond films, viz. by the dissolution of carbons into Fe (or Fe(3)C) clusters and the reprecipitation of carbon species to the surface of the clusters, a process similar to the growth of carbon

nanotubes via Fe clusters as catalyst. Not only is a sufficiently high post-annealing temperature (900 degrees C) required but also a highly active reducing atmosphere (NH(3)) is needed to give a proper microstructure for enhancing the EFE process. The best EFE properties are obtained by post-annealing the Fe-coated diamond films at 900 degrees C in an NH(3) environment for 5 min. The EFE behavior of the films can be turned on at E(0) = 1.9 V/mu m, attaining a large EFE current density NSC 617989 HCl of 315 mu A/cm(2)

at an applied field of 8.8 V/mu m (extrapolation using the Fowler-Nordheim model leads to J(e) = 40.7 mA/cm(2) at a 20 V/mu m applied field). (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3569887]“
“Polyethyene glycol (PEG) is widely used as a dispersing agent and can also be used to prevent the adsorption of ingredients on the surface of silica. From the XRD results, PEG that was used as the dispersing agent on the SBR/organoclay compound filled with silica and carbon black (CB) was intercalated between the organoclay layer. Additionally, the interactions with the PEG differed depending on whether 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) or N,N-dimethyldodecylamine (DDA) were used as clay modifiers. When PEG was added, the T-g of the SBR/silica/APTES-MMT compound increased through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the ether linkages of PEG and the hydroxyl groups of APTES. For the SBR/silica/DDA-MMT compound with PEG, slippage occurred between the silicate, and DDA because of the alkyl chain of DDA.