: The MetaCyc

database of metabolic pathways and enzymes and the BioCyc collection of pathway/genome databases. Nucleic Acids Research 2010,38(suppl 1):D473-D479.PubMedCrossRef 91. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S: MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007, 24:1596–1599.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions All authors contributed in the organization and design of experiments as well as data interpretation and manuscript preparation. SHK and JMT wrote the paper. SHK carried out the majority of the genomic analysis. SHK and TLM did the genome comparisons. SHK performed the northern analyses. CH and SHK performed the electron acceptor growth and microarray studies. JKD carried out the early growth, dehalogenase expression buy BIBF 1120 and N2-fixation studies. CH performed the biofilm studies. RH performed the study of selenate reduction by sulfite reductase. JMT, TLM and JBB conceived of the project,

obtained the funding and shaped the experimental design. JMT, TLM and JBB provided laboratory equipment, materials and supervision for the work. All authors read and approved the final version VX-680 of the manuscript.”
“Background The palatine tonsils of pigs are large, flat, follicular structures on the ventral side of the soft palate, at the junction of the oropharynx and nasopharynx, that are constantly exposed to both ingested and inhaled microorganisms [1]. Both the selleck inhibitor surface of the tonsils and the extensive tubular tonsillar crypts are an important colonization site for many pathogenic and commensal microorganisms, including both bacteria and viruses [1]. Conversely, the tonsils are also the main oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue, and play a key role in surveillance,

detection, and initiation Aldehyde dehydrogenase of an immune response against organisms that enter through either the mouth or the nares [1, 2]. Asymptomatic carriage in the tonsils provides a reservoir for many bacterial porcine pathogens, such as Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, A. suis, Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, as well as viral pathogens such as PRRS virus and classical swine fever virus [1, 3–8]. Indeed, the tonsils are a routine sampling site in surveillance of many porcine pathogens [1]. Porcine tonsils are also a reservoir for pathogens capable of causing foodborne infections of humans, including Salmonella and Campylobacter species, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica [9–13]. The commensal tonsillar microbiota likely interacts with these pathogens to either inhibit or enhance colonization and carriage. In a previous study, standard aerobic culture and culture-independent construction and analysis of 16 s rRNA gene clone libraries were used to examine the microbial communities in the tonsils of healthy pigs [14].