The nonsilencing (NS)siRNA 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU-3′ (sense) and 5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAA-3′ (antisense) served as negative controls.

The generation of siRNA against STAT3 was described.20 All siRNAs were synthesized in 2′-deprotected, duplexed, desalted and purified siRNA form (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA). On day 7, one ×106 cells/well of immature BMDCs were transfected with 100 nM of siRNA using lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and incubated for 24 hours. Cells were then treated with 10 μg/mL of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP; HO-1 inducer) or tin protoporphyrin (SnPP; competitive HO-1 inhibitor) (Porphyrin Products, Logan, UT) or with 50 ng/mL of murine recombinant IL-10 (rIL-10; R&D Systems) and incubated for an additional 6 hours.20 Murine BMDC culture supernatants were harvested for cytokine selleck inhibitor analysis. ELISA kits were used to measure IL12p40/TNF-α/IL-6 levels (eBiosciences, San Diego, CA). Murine BMDCs were stained with selleck chemicals llc anti-CD11c, CD40, CD80, and CD86 PE-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (eBiosciences). PE-labeled rat anti-IgG2a isotypes were used as negative controls.

Measurements were performed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Data analysis was performed using CellQuest software. Murine BMDC and hepatic DC protein lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-PTEN Ab and incubated with protein A/G agarose beads. The PTEN malachite

green assay was performed with beads-bound PTEN (Echelon Biosciences, Salt Lake City, UT). The released phosphate was determined relative to a phosphatase standard curve. We check details used an established mouse model of warm hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion.19, 20 Mice were injected with heparin (100 U/kg) and an atraumatic clip was used to interrupt the arterial/portal venous blood supply to the cephalad liver lobes. After 90 minutes of ischemia the clip was removed and mice were sacrificed at 6 hours of reperfusion. Some animals were injected by way of the tail vein with Ad-HO-1, Ad-IL-10, or Ad-β-gal (2.5 × 109 pfu) 24 hours prior to ischemia. β-Catenin siRNA or nonspecific siRNAs (2 mg/kg) was injected intravenously at 4 hours prior to ischemia.19, 20 Consistent with others,21 >40% of intravenously infused siRNA consistently accumulate in the ischemic lobes.19 Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (sGPT) levels, an indicator of hepatocellular injury, were measured with an autoanalyzer (Antech Diagnostics, Los Angeles, CA). Liver sections (5 μm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The severity of IRI was graded using Suzuki’s criteria on a scale from 0-4.22 Liver DCs were detected using primary mAb against mouse CD11c (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) followed by incubation with secondary Ab, biotinylated goat antihamster IgG (Vector, Burlingame, CA).