The present study evaluated see more the effects of myricitrin in animal models that assess antipsychotic-like effects (apomorphine-induced stereotypy and climbing and the paw test) and extrapyramidal side effects (catalepsy test and paw test). Olanzapine was used as a positive control. 7-Nitroindazole (7-NI), a NOS inhibitor, and L-arginine, a NO precursor, were used to evaluate nitrergic modulation, and tamoxifen was used to test the effect of PKC inhibition. In mice, myricitrin dose-dependently and olanzapine blocked the stereotypy and climbing induced by apomorphine

at doses that did not induce catalepsy. 7-Nitroindazole also blocked apomorphine-induced stereotypy and climbing, which were reversed by L-arginine pretreatment. L-arginine only attenuated the effects of myricitrin on apomorphine’s effects. Tamoxifen also blocked apomorphine-induced stereotypy and climbing. In the paw test in rats, myricitrin and olanzapine increased hindlimb retraction time at doses that did not affect forelimb reaction time, whereas haloperidol affected both parameters at the same dose. Myricitrin did not induce catalepsy in the bar test. Tamoxifen did not affect hindlimb retraction time or forelimb retraction time, whereas 7-NI significantly increased hindlimb reaction time. Thus, Nepicastat mouse myricitrin exhibited an antipsychotic-like

profile at doses that did not induce catalepsy, and this effect may be related to nitrergic action. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Xenotransplantation

of human tumor cells into immunodeficient mice has been a powerful preclinical tool in several hematological malignancies, with the notable exception of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). For several decades, this possibility was hampered by the inefficient and/or short-term engrafment of CLL cells into available animals. The development of new generations of immunocompromised mice has allowed to partially overcome these constraints. Novel humanized animal models have been Kinesin family member 11 created that allow to recapitulate the pathogenesis of the disease and the complex in vivo relationships between leukemic cells and the microenvironment. In this review we discuss the development of xenograft models of CLL, how they may help elucidating the mechanisms that account for the natural history of the disease and facilitating the design of novel therapeutic approaches. Leukemia (2013) 27, 534-540; doi:10.1038/leu.2012.268″
“Zolpidem is a short-acting imidazopyridine hypnotic that binds at the benzodiazepine binding site on specific GABA(A) receptors to enhance fast inhibitory neurotransmission. The behavioral and receptor pharmacology of zolpidem has been studied extensively, but little is known about its neuronal substrates in vivo.