The same information was wrongly written on Table 1, in which the toxin AG14699 Pancratistatin is mentioned as a component of spider venom, but actually it is from a plant. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. “
“A large number of venomous fish are encountered in freshwater and marine environments worldwide. As described for the terrestrial venomous animals, the development of an arsenal of noxious substances by some aquatic animals was an important adaptation that aids these species in their fight for survival in a highly competitive ecosystem (Russell, 1971 and Magalhães et al., 2006). Among the aquatic animals often involved in human accidents, a special attention

is devoted to fish belonging to the Scorpaenidae (lionfish and scorpionfish) and Synanceiidae (stonefish) families due to the severe injuries caused, which include local this website and systemic manifestations. The venom apparatus of these fish comprises 11–17 dorsal, 3 anal and 2 pelvic fin spines with venomous glandular tissue of different morphology located in grooves along opposing sides of each spine (Gwee et al., 1994, Haddad, 2000 and Smith and Wheeler, 2006). All venomous fish use their venom primarily for defensive purposes. This can be deadly for any human unlucky enough to step on them. Therefore, human envenomation occurs when swimmers or fishermen mishandle or step on the spines of the dorsal fin (Halstead, 1951 and Roche and Halstead,

1972). The intensity of the clinical features triggered by fish envenomation is related to the amount of venom injected in the puncture wounds; and patients can be stung by one or several spines present in the dorsal region of the fish

(Gwee et al., 1994). Only a few studies have been dedicated to the venom of specimens of Scorpaena genus scorpionfish. Some works were performed using the venom of Scorpaena guttata, the sculpin or California scorpionfish ( Carlson et al., 1971, Carlson et al., 1973, Schaeffer et al., 1971 and Coats et al., 1980). However Fenbendazole there is little information about the venom of Scorpaena plumieri, one of the most abundant scorpionfish found along the Brazilian coast ( Figueiredo and Menezes, 1980 and Carvalho-Filho, 1999). In previous works, we have found that S. plumieri venom is lethal (LD50 in mouse 0.28 mg/kg, i.v.) displaying hemorrhagic, hemolytic and proteolytic activities ( Carrijo et al., 2005). Injections of the venom in the footpad or peritoneal cavity of mice lead to deposition of venom in the lung, endothelial barrier dysfunction and microvascular hyperpermeability ( Boletini-Santos et al., 2008). In addition, the fresh venom was able to induce cardiovascular effects (changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate) in anaesthetized rats (Carrijo et al., 2005). Recently, we have demonstrated that S. plumieri venom induces coronary vasoconstriction, positive chronotropic, lusitropic and inotropic effects on isolated rat hearts ( Gomes et al., 2010).