There were no significant differences in consumption of calcium 974.8 ± 334.9 mg/d and the dietary recommendation quantity LY2606368 clinical trial allowed by RDA 1000 mg/d. The positive outcomes from the subjects diet is the adequate amount of iron consumed 20.45 ± 5.82

mg/d in comparison with recommended dietary allowance 8 mg/d. In addition, the Kuwaiti fencers have a normal amount of hemoglobin 15.128 ± .61 mmol/L in their blood. This is a result of higher consumption of iron. The high quantity of sodium consumed by fencers (5306.6 ± 1033.9) exceeds the recommended by RDA (2300 mg/d). There was also higher phosphorus consumption 2049.71 ± 627.6 in comparison with the average daily intake 800 mg/d. There is also an increase this website in caffeine consumption of 69.91 ± 55.6 mg a day in comparison with RDA recommendation of no more than 25 mg/d. There was significant difference in all macronutrients consumed by Kuwaiti fencers. The results of table 5 show that Kuwaiti fencers consumed less carbohydrate 47.8% ± 1.7 of total calories a day and had more saturated fat 16.5% ± .84 and more total protein 16.6% ± .80 than recommended percentages. ZD1839 mouse Table 5 The percentages of total carbohydrates, lipids (saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat) and protein from Kuwaiti fencers’ dietary intake Variables Percentages (%) ± SD Normal Range † P value Total Carbohydrates 47.8%* ± 1.70 55 – 65% .000 Total Fat 35.6%* ± 1.66 25 – 35%

.000 Saturated Fat 16.5%* ± .84 7-10% .000 Monounsaturated Fat 11.1%* ± .46 5-10% .000 Polyunsaturated Fat 8.0%* ± .64 5-7% .000 Total Protein 16.6%* ± .80 10 – 15% .000 *: p < 0.05 significantly different from RDA values. † American College of Sports Medicine - American Dietetic Association and Dietitians Selleckchem AZD9291 of Canada American Heart Association recommendation In addition, they also consumed more

monounsaturated fat 11.1% ± .46 and polyunsaturated fat 8.0% ± .64 which is considered being a healthy fat. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat intake at levels up to 5-7% and 5-10% respectively, of total calorie intake per day is recommended by most nutrition experts. The percent of total fat consumed from all calories per day was 35.6% ± 1.66 which in the normal range recommended by RDA of 25 – 35% of total calories a day. Consumption of total protein percentage increased to 16.6% ± .80 percent from the normal range of 10 – 15% recommended by RDA for athletes such as fencers. The results of table 6 show that the most desirable meal is lunch followed by dinner 53.9% ± 1.7 and 35.3% ± 2.1, respectively. Only 3.4% ± 1.5 of all subjects had snack throughout the day. Only 7.4% of players ate breakfast. Table 6 The percentages of fencers eating breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks Variables Percentages (%) ± SD Breakfast 7.4% ± 1.9 Lunch 53.9% ± 1.7 Dinner 35.3% ± 2.1 Snacks 3.4% ± 1.5 Discussion Body composition was estimated by two methods, first, applying the BMI formula where the mean for Kuwaiti fencers was 23.