Under the SEA Directive, an environmental assessment is mandatory for all plans and programmes that require an assessment pursuant to Article 6 or 7 of the Habitats Directive for the protection of Natura 2000 sites. The SEA Directive also requires that a Member State shall forward a copy of a draft plan or programme and the relevant environmental reports to other Member States, when the plan PLX-4720 or programme is likely to have significant transboundary

effects on the environment, and shall enter into consultation at the request of other Member States concerning the transboundary effects of implementing the plan or programme ( Table S1, Supplementary Material). This provision creates incentives for cross-border consultation and cooperation in addressing the transboundary environmental impacts of national marine plans [25]. The most recent policy driver for the protection check details of the marine environment is the MSFD, which represents an ecosystem-based approach towards marine management and governance, aiming towards achieving ‘good environmental status’ (GES). Together with the Water Framework Directive, the MSFD represents a framework through which other EU sectoral directives can be linked, providing integrated management from the catchment through the coast to open marine

ecosystems [26]. The ‘framework’ nature of the MSFD is reflected in the eleven descriptors for determining GES, which cover the most important maritime sectors and their impacts on marine ecosystems (Table S1, Supplementary Material). From the Birds Directive to the SEA Directive and the MSFD, there

is a clear trend of mainstreaming environmental concerns into wider planning and development programmes in European Dichloromethane dehalogenase legislation. The MSFD strengthens the commitment to designate a network of MPAs across Europe, by requiring Member States to implement spatial protection measures that contribute to ‘coherent and representative networks of marine protected areas (MPAs)’ (Article 13 Programme of Measures). Establishing coherent and representative networks of MPAs is the only explicit requirement under Article 13, forming a core element in delivering the ecosystem-based approach envisaged in the MSFD. Such networks of MPAs include marine Natura 2000 sites, but the MSFD requirement for coherent and representative networks of MPAs implies that protection needs to be extended beyond marine features listed under the Habitats and Birds Directives, as these were not designed to lead to coherent and fully representative MPA networks. This suggests that MPAs of national importance need to be designated by Member States to complement the existing Natura 2000 network, leading to coherent and representative networks of MPAs across Europe.